Characteristics | Derivation cohort | Validation cohort | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With overall mortality, n (%) or median (IQR) | Without overall mortality, % (n) or median (IQR) | P-Value | With overall mortality, n (%) or median (IQR) | Without overall mortality, n (%) or median (IQR) | P-Value | |
Total, n | 84 | 2408 | Â | 38 | 1208 | Â |
Age > 75 y | 67(79.8) | 1415(58.8) | < 0.001 | 32(84.2) | 666(55.1) | < 0.001 |
Gender | Â | Â | 0.252 | Â | Â | 0.543 |
Male | 59(70.2) | 1823(75.7) | Â | 31(81.6) | 935(77.4) | Â |
Female | 25(29.8) | 585(24.3) | Â | 7(18.4) | 273(22.6) | Â |
Smoking (current or past) | 46(54.8) | 1422(59.1) | 0.424 | 17(44.7) | 691(57.2) | 0.125 |
Diabetes | 21(25.0) | 450(18.7) | 0.146 | 13(34.2) | 230(19.0) | 0.020 |
CVDs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Coronary Heart Disease | 33(39.3) | 947(39.3) | 0.994 | 6(15.8) | 558(46.2) | < 0.001 |
 Heart failure | 49(58.3) | 1031(42.8) | 0.005 | 25(65.8) | 493(40.8) | 0.002 |
 Heart Valve Problems | 3(3.6) | 188(7.8) | 0.208 | 3(7.9) | 55(4.6) | 0.417 |
 Arrhythmia | 38(45.2) | 740(30.7) | 0.005 | 16(42.1) | 382(31.6) | 0.172 |
 Stroke | 22(26.2) | 533(22.1) | 0.380 | 14(36.8) | 243(20.1) | 0.012 |
Pulse > 109 beats per min | 20(23.8) | 257(10.7) | < 0.001 | 8(21.1) | 129(10.7) | 0.044 |
SBP < 90 mm Hg | 3(3.6) | 33(1.4) | 0.119 | 1(2.6) | 22(1.8) | 0.513 |
DBP ≤ 60 mm Hg | 24(28.6) | 219(9.1) | < 0.001 | 11(28.9) | 111(9.2) | < 0.001 |
Respirations ≥ 30 per min | 0(0) | 45(1.9) | 0.403 | 2(5.3) | 23(1.9) | 0.175 |
Altered mental status | 36(42.9) | 142(5.9) | < 0.001 | 9(23.7) | 60(5.0) | < 0.001 |
Anemia | 58(69.0) | 1240(51.7) | 0.002 | 29(78.4) | 648(53.9) | 0.003 |
WBC > 10 × 103 mm-3 | 34(40.5) | 632(26.3) | 0.004 | 18(47.4) | 317(26.4) | 0.004 |
ESOR < 2% | 67(81.7) | 1719(72.3) | 0.062 | 32(84.2) | 830(69.6) | 0.053 |
PH < 7.3 | 7(8.3) | 60(2.5) | 0.001 | 3(7.9) | 35(2.9) | 0.106 |
Serum BUN > 7 mmol/L | 60(71.4) | 1022(42.4) | < 0.001 | 32(84.2) | 496(41.1) | < 0.001 |
NT-pro BNP > 1000 pg/ml | 63(75.9) | 1084(51.6) | < 0.001 | 27(79.4) | 494(46.2) | < 0.001 |
Troponin T > 200 ng/L | 12(15.0) | 83(4.4) | < 0.001 | 5(13.5) | 27(2.8) | < 0.001 |
Consolidation | 87(71.3) | 1242(34.2) | < 0.001 | 25(65.8) | 445(36.8) | < 0.001 |
Pleural effusion | 45(53.6) | 697(28.9) | < 0.001 | 12(31.6) | 388(32.1) | 0.944 |
BAP-65 | 3(3–4) | 2(2–3) | < 0.001 | 3(3–4) | 2(2–3) | < 0.001 |
CURB-65 | 2(2–3) | 1(1–2) | < 0.001 | 2(2–3) | 1(1–2) | < 0.001 |
DECAF | 3(3–4) | 2(2–3) | < 0.001 | 3(3–4) | 2(2–3) | 0.003 |
NIVO | 4(3–5) | 3(2–4) | < 0.001 | 4(3–5) | 3(2–4) | 0.019 |