Table 1 Baseline demographics
Characteristic | MV (n = 51) | HFNC-F (n = 107) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 65.00 [55.00, 74.00] | 66.00 [58.50, 74.00] | 0.553 |
Sex, female | 20 (39.2) | 50 (46.7) | 0.374 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.00 [21.77, 29.13] | 24.79 [22.66, 27.17] | 0.424 |
Smoking status | 0.008 | ||
Never smoker | 31 (60.8) | 80 (74.8) | |
Ex-smoker | 7 (13.7) | 19 (17.8) | |
Current smoker | 13 (25.5) | 8 (7.5) | |
Comorbidities | |||
Hypertension | 31 (60.8) | 53 (49.5) | 0.185 |
Diabetes mellitus | 22 (43.1) | 25 (23.4) | 0.011 |
Cardiovascular disease | 11 (21.6) | 13 (12.1) | 0.123 |
Chronic lung disease | 5 (9.8) | 7 (6.5) | 0.526 |
Chronic neurologic disease | 6 (11.8) | 9 (8.4) | 0.565 |
Chronic kidney disease | 6 (11.8) | 4 (3.7) | 0.078 |
Chronic liver disease | 4 (7.8) | 8 (7.5) | 1.000 |
Immunocompromised status | 2 (3.9) | 8 (7.5) | 0.502 |
Transplantation status | 1 (2.0) | 5 (4.7) | 0.665 |
Connective tissue disease | 2 (3.9) | 5 (4.7) | 1.000 |
Hematologic malignancy | 0 (0.0) | 6 (5.6) | 0.195 |
Solid cancer | 3 (5.9) | 7 (6.5) | 1.000 |
Clinical frailty score | 3.00 [3.00, 4.00] | 3.00 [3.00, 4.00] | 0.180 |
Profile of COVID-19 | |||
Interval between symptom onset to hospital admission, day | 7.00 [3.00, 13.00] | 7.00 [6.00, 10.00] | 0.893 |
Interval between COVID-19 diagnosis to hospital admission, day | 3.00 [0.00, 12.00] | 3.00 [1.00, 7.00] | 0.755 |
Vaccination | 8 (15.7) | 24 (22.4) | 0.324 |
Treatment profile | |||
Antithrombic therapy | 43 (84.3) | 104 (97.2) | 0.005 |
Remdesivir | 38 (74.5) | 91 (85.0) | 0.126 |
Dexamethasone ≥ 6 mg/day | 50 (98.0) | 107 (100.0) | 0.323 |
Tocilizumab | 22 (43.1) | 55 (51.4) | 0.331 |
Baricitinib | 3 (5.9) | 8 (7.5) | 1.000 |
Others* | 2 (3.9) | 13 (12.1) | 0.146 |
Inflammatory marker | |||
C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 12.3 [6.7, 24.7] | 9.3 [3.9, 17.4] | 0.020 |
Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.4 [0.2, 2.4] | 0.1 [0.0, 0.3] | < 0.001 |
Arterial blood gas at hospital admission | |||
pH | 7.38 [7.31, 7.44] | 7.46 [7.43, 7.48] | < 0.001 |
PaO2, mmHg | 66.80 [52.60, 97.40] | 71.40 [62.00, 83.00] | 0.576 |
PaCO2, mmHg | 36.00 [31.10, 42.70] | 32.00 [28.80, 35.00] | 0.001 |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio, mmHg | 80.78 [53.00, 154.20] | 110.17 [78.50, 150.17] | 0.047 |
Initiation of invasive ventilation from admission, day | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 1.00 [1.00, 4.00] | < 0.001 |