Fig. 2

Mean pulmonary function measures (A FEV₁% predicted, B FVC % predicted) according to quintiles of the APDQS at each CARDIA exam year. Linear mixed effect models fitted to the repeated measures of lung function, with random intercepts and fixed slopes of APDQS × time interaction. N = 3787 (no. of observations = 20,134). Covariates included current age, time variables (Years 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30), and time interactions with race (Black and White), sex, center (Birmingham, Chicago, Minneapolis, and Oakland), maximal educational attainment, height, total energy intake (Years 0, 7, 20), BMI (Years 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20), and lifetime pack-years of smoking (Years 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20). All covariates were time-varying except for race, sex, and height. 1 SD was 13