Fig. 1

Salivary microbiota composition and diversity is different between people with COPD and healthy controls. A Mean frequency of phyla and genera of bacteria present in people with COPD and healthy controls. B Cladogram summarizing differentially abundant genera between people with COPD and healthy controls, assessed by LEfSe and ANCOM. Differential genera between groups identified only by LEfSe at a significance cut-off of 3 are represented in black, differential genera pointed by ANCOM at 0.7 significance cut-off are represented in underlined red C Alpha diversity, estimated with Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index, is lower in people with COPD than in healthy controls (Mann–Whitney U-test, U = 1275, p = 0.0013). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001