Table 2 Population characteristics of analyzed subjects.
Total | Males | Females | |
% (N) | 100 (1326) | 51.1 (678) | 48.9 (648) |
Mean (SD) or % (n) | |||
Age, years | 15.2 (0.3) | 15.2 (0.3) | 15.2 (0.3) |
Height*, cm | 172 (8.2) | 176 (7.4) | 167 (6.0) |
Study specific | |||
Study | |||
GINIplus control | 38.3 (508) | 38.2 (259) | 38.4 (249) |
GINIplus intervention | 34.5 (457) | 33.8 (229) | 35.2 (228) |
LISAplus | 27.2 (361) | 28.0 (190) | 26.4 (171) |
Study center | |||
Munich | 63.3 (840) | 63.1 (428) | 63.6 (412) |
Wesel | 36.7 (486) | 36.9 (250) | 36.4 (236) |
Early life events | |||
Parental atopy, yes | 58.8 (780) | 57.7 (391) | 60.0 (389) |
Parental education | |||
low (< 10 years of school) | 5.2 (69) | 5.8 (39) | 4.6 (30) |
medium (= 10 years of school) | 26.7 (354) | 27.0 (183) | 26.4 (171) |
high (> 10 years of school) | 68.1 (903) | 67.3 (456) | 69.0 (447) |
Maternal age at delivery >31 years*, yes | 49.9 (662) | 46.3 (314) | 53.7 (348) |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, yes | 12.0 (159) | 11.9 (81) | 12.0 (78) |
Early second-hand smoke exposure at home (up to age 4), yes | 32.7 (433) | 32.6 (221) | 32.7 (212) |
Season of birth, winter | 25.6 (339) | 24.5 (166) | 26.7 (173) |
Birth weight*, g | 3483 (442.0) | 3541 (443.5) | 3422 (432.6) |
Exclusive breastfeeding >4 months, yes | 60.6 (804) | 58.3 (395) | 63.1 (409) |
Peak weight velocity*, kg/month | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) |
Peak height velocity*, cm/month | 3.6 (0.4) | 3.8 (0.4) | 3.5 (0.4) |
Lung infections (up to age 3)*, yes | 31.2 (414) | 34.8 (236) | 27.5 (178) |
Environmental and lifestyle factors at age 15 | |||
Short-term air pollution | |||
NO2 (μg/m3) | 20.4 (6.9) | 20.5 (7.0) | 20.3 (6.7) |
PM2.5 mass (μg/m3) | 14.7 (7.3) | 14.4 (6.7) | 15.0 (7.9) |
PM10 mass (μg/m3) | 18.9 (7.8) | 18.6 (7.2) | 19.3 (8.4) |
Long-term air pollution | |||
NO2 (μg/m3) | 21.2 (4.8) | 21.2 (5.0) | 21.2 (4.6) |
PM2.5 mass (μg/m3) | 14.8 (2.1) | 14.8 (2.2) | 14.8 (2.1) |
PM10 mass (μg/m3) | 22.1 (3.2) | 22.0 (3.3) | 22.1 (3.2) |
Regular indoor second-hand smoke exposurea, yes | 20.1 (266) | 19.0 (129) | 21.1 (137) |
Active smoking, yes | 5.4 (71) | 5.6 (38) | 5.1 (33) |
Serum vitamin Db, nmol/l | 68.4 (25.3) | 67.5 (24.3) | 69.3 (26.2) |
Body mass index*, kg/m2 | 20.7 (3.0) | 20.7 (3.2) | 20.8 (2.8) |
Allergic diseases at age 15 | |||
Asthma, yes | 6.3 (83) | 7.4 (50) | 5.1 (33) |
Rhinitis, yes | 18.9 (251) | 20.9 (142) | 16.8 (109) |
Sensitization to | |||
Aeroallergens*, yes | 45.4 (602) | 51.5 (349) | 39.0 (253) |
Food allergens, yes | 11.2 (148) | 12.8 (87) | 9.4 (61) |
Spirometric parameters at age 15 | |||
FVC, l* | 4.08 (0.77) | 4.50 (0.74) | 3.64 (0.51) |
FEV1, l* | 3.52 (0.63) | 3.83 (0.64) | 3.19 (0.42) |
FEV1/FVC, %* | 86.7 (6.39) | 85.3 (6.43) | 88.1 (6.02) |
PEF, l/s* | 7.15 (1.28) | 7.73 (1.3) | 6.54 (0.93) |
FEF25, l/s* | 6.26 (1.17) | 6.61 (1.27) | 5.89 (0.92) |
FEF50, l/s* | 4.46 (1.05) | 4.71 (1.14) | 4.19 (0.87) |
FEF75, l/s* | 2.21 (0.72) | 2.31 (0.78) | 2.11 (0.63) |
FEF25–75, l/s* | 3.92 (0.92) | 4.12 (1.01) | 3.70 (0.77) |