Fig. 1From: Optimizing bronchodilation in the prevention of COPD exacerbationsA proposed treatment algorithm for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4 [134]Back to article page