Fig. 6
From: Metformin attenuates lung fibrosis development via NOX4 suppression
Hypothetical model of metformin-mediated inhibition of myofibroblast differentiation. Metformin-mediated AMPK activation is responsible for inhibiting NOX4 expression and ROS production, which is at least partly involved in the mechanisms for attenuation of TGF-β-induced SMAD phosphorylation and myofibroblast differentiation in relation to fibroblastic foci formation in IPF pathogenesis