Fig. 2
From: Roflumilast partially reverses smoke-induced mucociliary dysfunction
Effect of roflumilast on apical chloride conductance with and without smoke exposure. a Evaluation of chloride conductance in control cultures without airflow exposure (white bars): Application of roflumilast (100 nM) alone induces a minimal increase in Isc (14 lungs, n = 29). Albuterol (10 μM) induces an increase in peak chloride efflux (ΔIsc) that is augmented by pre-treatment with roflumilast (100 nM) (six to ten lungs; n = 6–10). b Representative tracing of an Ussing chamber experiment demonstrates an increase of chloride efflux after administration of 10 μM of albuterol (black). Application of roflumilast alone hardly increases the conductance, whereas the addition of albuterol to roflumilast (red) treated cultures significantly increases chloride conductance compared to untreated cultures. c Chloride efflux is significantly decreased in cultures exposed to cigarette smoke (black bars) using the Vitrocell VC-10 smoking robot when compared to air control (grey bars). Roflumilast significantly increases apical chloride efflux in air-exposed cells and rescues smoke-associated decreases in chloride conductance (19 lungs; n = 19). d Control experiments, DMSO (vehicle) does not show any changes in the response of chloride conductance to albuterol in air and cigarette smoke-exposed cultures (two lungs; n = 4). *p < 0.05