From: Clinical implications for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the lung: friend or foe?
Disease | VEGF levels | Reference |
---|---|---|
ALI/ARDS | Elevated plasma VEGF levels. Reduced VEGF levels in the epithelial lining fluid. | [27] [28] |
Asthma | Increased VEGF levels in induced sputum. Increased VEGF levels in BAL fluid. Increased VEGF-positive cells in bronchial biopsies. | [4, 32, 33] [34] [35, 36] |
COPD | Increased VEGF expression in bronchial, bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium; bronchiolar macrophages; airway and vascular smooth muscle cells of bronchiolar and alveolar regions. | [43, 48] |
 | Increased VEGF concentrations in induced sputum in chronic bronchitis. | [45] |
 | Reduced VEGF concentrations in induced sputum in emphysema. | [45] |
Obstructive sleep apnea | Increased serum and plasma VEGF levels. | [25, 53-55] |
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis | Plasma VEGF concentrations did not differ between patients with IPF and controls. Depressed BAL fluid VEGF concentrations. | [53] [60-62] |
Tuberculosis | Increased circulating VEGF levels in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis compared to healthy controls and patients with old tuberculosis. | [67, 68] |
Pleural fluid | Higher VEGF levels in pleural effusions associated with malignancies compared to benign effusions. Higher VEGF levels in empyemas compared to uncomplicated parapneumonic effusions. | [24, 81, 82, 84, 85] [24, 89] |
 | Higher VEGF levels in tuberculous pleural effusions compared to transudates. | [90] |
Lung cancer | Increased serum VEGF levels. | [98, 99] |