Table 5 Factors that can influence exhaled VOCs in pulmonary diseases
From: Clinical use of exhaled volatile organic compounds in pulmonary diseases: a systematic review
Source | Factor |
|---|---|
Environment | Ambient VOCs (e.g. by air pollution) |
Temperature of environment | |
Humidity of inhaled and exhaled air | |
Season | |
Subject | Clinical characteristics: e.g. age, gender, weight, length |
Nutrition | |
Tobacco smoking | |
Medication use | |
Circadian rhythm | |
Non-pulmonary chronic diseases (liver impairment, diabetes, presence of bacteria) | |
Breathing pattern: e.g. exhaled flow, minute ventilation, breath hold | |
Overall lifestyle and physical condition | |
Analysis | Time and way of storage |
Pre-concentration | |
Breath collection: mixed air or alveolar air | |
Collection method: e.g. tedlar bags, metal containers | |
| Â | Analytical method: e.g. eNose, GC-MS |