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Table 4 Studies using VOCs profiles for the differential diagnosis of various pulmonary diseases

From: Clinical use of exhaled volatile organic compounds in pulmonary diseases: a systematic review

Author (year)

Disease I

N

Discriminative

Disease II

N

No. of markers

Sensitivity/Specificity (%)*

Ref.

D’Amico (2010)

LC

28

+

Other lung diseases

28

N.S.

93/79

[44]

Dragonieri (2007)

Mild asthma

10

+/−

Severe asthma

10

N.S.

CVV: 65% (M-distance 1.23)

[10]

Fens (2009)

Asthma

20

+

COPD

30

N.S.

CVV: 96% (p < 0.001)

[15]

Fens (2011) **

Fixed Asthma

21

+

COPD

40

N.S.

85/90 (CVV: 88%, p < 0.001)

[27]

Classic Asthma

39

+

   

91/90 (CVV: 83%, p < 0.001)

 

Ibrahim (2011)

Controlled Asthma

17

+

Uncontrolled asthma

18

13

89/88 (PPV: 0.89, NPV: 0.88)

[20]

Timms (2012)

Asthma

20

+

COPD

17

N.S.

CVV: 70% (p < 0.05)

[32]

Asthma

11

+

Asthma with GER

9

 

CVV: 85% (p < 0.05)

 

COPD

8

+/-

COPD with GER

9

 

CVV: 65 (p < 0.05)

 

Hattesohl (2011)

COPD without AAT deficiency

23

+/-

COPD with AAT deficiency

10

N.S.

CVV: 58% (M-distance: 2.27)

[28]

Dragonieri (2009)

LC

10

+

COPD

10

N.S.

CVV: 85% (M-distance: 3.73)

[12]

Machado (2005)

LC (validation)

14

+/-

No LC

62

N.S.

71/92

[13]

Mazzone (2007)

LC

49

+/−

No LC

94

N.S.

73/72

[50]

Mazzone (2012)

NSCLC

83

+

No LC

137

N.S.

70/86

[51]

Adenocarcinoma

50

+

No LC

137

 

80/86

 

Squamous cell

23

+

No LC

137

 

91/73

 

Adenocarcinoma

50

+

Squamous cell

22

 

90/83

 

Phillips (1999)

LC

60

+/−

No LC

48

22

72/67

[54]

Phillips (2003)

MLC

15

-

No MLC

91

9

67/37

[7]

Poli (2005)

NSCLC

36

+

No LC

110

13

72/94

[57]

Chapman (2012)

MPM

10

+

ARD

18

N.S.

90/83

[68]

Dragonieri (2012)

MPM

13

+

No MPM

13

N.S.

CVV: 81% (p < 0.001)

[69]

Hanson (2005)

+ VAP score

19

+

- VAP score

19

N.S.

R2 (to standard): 0.81 (p < 0.0001)

[72]

Hockstein (2004)

VAP

13

+

No VAP

12

N.S.

CVV: >80%

[73]

Hockstein (2005)

+ VAP score

15

+/−

- VAP score

29

N.S.

CVV: 66-70%

[74]

Kolk (2012)

TB

50

+

No TB

50

7

72/86

[76]

TB (validation)

21

+

No TB

50

7

62/84

Phillips (2007)

TB

23

+

No TB

19

N.S. (≈14)

96/79

[77]

Phillips (2010)

TB

N.S.

+

No TB

N.S.

N.S. (≈10)

84/65

[78]

  1. *Sensitivity/Specificity (in %), unless stated otherwise. AAT deficiency = Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency; ARD = benign asbestos-related diseases; Classic asthma = Asthmatics with reversible airway obstruction; COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CVV = Cross-Validated accuracy-Value; DP = Diagnostic Performance; Fixed asthma = Asthmatics with fixed airway obstruction; GER = Gastro-Esophageal Reflux; LC = Lung Cancer; M-distance = Mahalanobis-distance; MLC = Metastatic Lung Cancer; MPM = Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma; N = Sample size; NPV = Negative Predictive Value; N.S. = Not Stated; NSCLC = Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; PPV = Positive Predictive Value; R2 = Coefficient of determination; TB = pulmonary Tuberculosis; VAP = Ventilator Associated-Pneumonia. ** External validation study of Fens 2009.
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Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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