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Table 3 Studies using VOCs profiles for the diagnosis of various pulmonary diseases (diseased vs. healthy controls)

From: Clinical use of exhaled volatile organic compounds in pulmonary diseases: a systematic review

Author (year)

Disease

N

Discriminative

Controls

N

No. of markers

Sensitivity/Specificity (%)*

Ref.

Caldeira (2011)

Asthma

35

+

Controls

15

28

CVV: 88%

[17]

Caldeira (2012)

Asthma

32

+

Controls

27

9

98/93

[18]

Dallinga (2010)

Asthma

63

+

Controls

57

8 to 22

89 - 100/95 - 100

[19]

Dragonieri (2007)

Mild asthma

10

+

Controls

10

N.S.

CVV: 100% (M-distance 5.32)

[10]

Severe asthma

10

+

Controls

10

N.S.

CVV: 90% (M-distance 2.77)

Fens (2009)

Asthma

20

+

Non-smoking controls

20

N.S.

CVV: 95% (p < 0.001)

[15]

Asthma

20

+

Smoking controls

20

N.S.

CVV: 93% (p < 0.001)

Ibrahim (2011)

Asthma

35

+

Non-smoking controls

23

15

CVV: 83% (PPV: 0.85, NPV: 0.89)

[20]

Montuschi (2010)

Asthma

27

+

Controls

24

N.S.

DP: 88%

[22]

Timms (2012)

Asthma

20

+

Controls

7

N.S.

CVV: 70% (p = 0.047)

[32]

COPD

17

+

Controls

7

N.S.

M-distance: 3.601 (p < 0.01)

Cristescu (2011)

Emphysema

43

-

(Former) smoking controls

161

1

AUC: 0.56 (CI: 0.45-0.66)

[26]

Basanta (2010)

COPD

20

+

Smoking controls

6

N.S.

88/81

[25]

Fens (2009)

COPD

30

+/−

Smoking controls

20

N.S.

CVV: 66% (p < 0.01)

[15]

COPD

30

-

Non-smoking controls

20

N.S.

CVV: N.S.

Hattesohl (2011)

COPD

23

+/−

Controls

10

N.S.

CVV: 68% (p < 0.001)

[28]

Hauschild (2012)

COPD

84

+

Controls

35

120

87 - 98/71 - 86

[29]

Phillips (2012)

COPD

119

+

Controls

63

N.S.

79/64

[31]

Van Berkel (2010)

COPD

50

+

Controls

29

6 to 13

98 - 100/88 - 100

[33]

COPD (validation)

16

+

Controls (validation)

16

6

100/81

Robroeks (2010)

CF

48

+

Controls

57

22

100/100

[14]

Bajtarevic (2009)

LC

65

+

Controls

31

15 to 21

71 - 80/100 - 100

[41]

D’Amico (2010)

LC

28

+

Controls

36

N.S.

85/100

[44]

Di Natale (2003)

LC

35

+

Controls

18

N.S.

100/94

[11]

Dragonieri (2009)

NSCLC

10

+

Controls

10

N.S.

CVV: 90% (M-distance 2.96)

[12]

Gaspar (2009)

LC

18

+

Controls

10

10

100/100

[46]

Gordon (1985)

LC

12

+

Controls

9

22

DP > 80%

[47]

Ligor (2009)

LC

65

+/−

Controls

31

8

51/100

[49]

Machado (2005)

LC

14

+

Controls

20

N.S.

CVV: 72% (M-distance: 3.25)

[13]

Mazzone (2007)

NSCLC

49

-

Controls

21

N.S.

57/78

[50]

Peng (2009)

LC

40

+

Controls

56

42

2 PCA clusters: 100% discrimination

[52]

Peng (2010)

PLC

30

+

Controls

22

33

2 PCA clusters: 100% discrimination

[53]

Phillips (2003)

PLC

67

+

Controls

41

9

85/81

[7]

Phillips (2007–2008)

PLC

193

+

Controls

211

16 to 30

85 - 85/80 - 81

[55], [56]

Poli (2010)

NSCLC

40

+

Controls

38

7

90/92

[59]

Steeghs (2007)

LC

11

+

Controls

57

2

AUC: 0.81

[64]

Westhoff (2009)

LC

32

+

Controls

54

23

100/100

[67]

Chapman (2012)

MPM

10

+

Controls

32

N.S.

90/91

[68]

Dragonieri (2012)

MPM

13

+

Controls

13

N.S.

CVV: 85% (p < 0.001)

[69]

Phillips (2007)

Patients suspected of TB

42

+

Controls

59

N.S. (≈7)

100/100

[77]

Phillips (2012)

Patients with TB

130

+/−

Controls

121

8

71/72

[79]

  1. *Sensitivity/Specificity (in %), unless stated otherwise. AUC = Area Under the ROC Curve; CF = Cystic Fibrosis; CI = 95% Confidence interval; COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CVV = Cross-Validated accuracy-Value; DP = Diagnostic Performance; LC = Lung Cancer; M-distance = Mahalanobis-distance; MPM = Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma; N = Sample size; NPV = Negative Predictive Value; N.S. = Not Stated; NSCLC = Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; PCA = Principal Component Analysis; PLC = Primary Lung Cancer; PPV = Positive Predictive Value; Ref. = Reference; TB = pulmonary Tuberculosis.
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Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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