Table 1 Characteristics of included studies on VOCs in pulmonary diseases
From: Clinical use of exhaled volatile organic compounds in pulmonary diseases: a systematic review
Author (year) | Design | Comparison | Sample size | Setting | Technique | Outcome measure | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caldeira (2011) | Cross-sectional | Asthma vs. controls | 35 children with asthma, 15 healthy controls | Hospital D. Pedro, Aveiro (Portugal) | GC-MS | Set of 44 VOCs | [17] |
Caldeira (2012) | Cross-sectional | Asthma vs. controls | 32 children with allergic asthma, 27 healthy controls | Hospital D. Pedro, Aveiro (Portugal) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [18] |
Dallinga (2010) | Cross-sectional | Asthma vs. controls | 63 children with asthma, 57 healthy controls | Maastricht University MC | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [19] |
(the Netherlands) | |||||||
Dragonieri (2007) | Cross-sectional | Asthma vs. controls | 10 patients with mild asthma, 10 patients with severe asthma, 20 healthy controls | Leiden University MC (the Netherlands) | eNose | VOCs profile | [10] |
Ibrahim (2011) | Cross-sectional | Asthma vs. controls | 35 patients with asthma, 23 healthy controls | Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester (UK) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [20] |
Lärstad (2007) | Cross-sectional | Asthma vs. controls | 13 patients with asthma, 14 healthy controls | Göteborg University (Sweden) | GC-FID | Ethane, Pentane, Isoprene | [21] |
Montuschi (2010) | Cross-sectional | Asthma vs. controls | 27 patients with asthma, 24 healthy controls | Istituto Dermopatico dell’ Immacolata, Rome (Italy) | eNose, GC-MS | VOCs profile | [22] |
Olopade (1997) | Cross-sectional Short follow-up in acute asthma | Asthma vs. controls | 12 patients with acute asthma, 11 patients with stable asthma, 17 healthy controls | University of Ilinois Hospital, Chicago (USA) | GC-FID | Pentane | [23] |
Paredi (2000) | Cross-sectional | Asthma vs. controls | 26 patients with asthma, 14 healthy controls | National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London (UK) | GC-FID | Ethane | [24] |
Basanta (2010) | Cross-sectional | COPD vs. smokers | 20 patients with COPD, 6 healthy smokers | Wytenshawe Hospital, Manchester (UK) | GC-DMS | VOCs profile | [25] |
Cristescu (2011) | Cross-sectional | Emphysema vs. No emphysema | 204 (former) smokers (43 with emphysema/COPD) | Radboud University, Nijmegen (the Netherlands) | PTR-MS | Mass-spectra | [26] |
Fens (2009) | Cross-sectional | COPD vs. asthma vs. controls | 30 patients with COPD, 20 patients with asthma, 20 non-smoking controls, 20 smoking controls | Academic MC Amsterdam; Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague; Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (the Netherlands) | eNose | VOCs profile | [15] |
Fens (2011) | Cross-sectional | COPD vs. asthma | 40 patients with COPD, 21 patients with fixed asthma, 39 patients with classic asthma | Academic MC Amsterdam; Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague; Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (the Netherlands) | eNose | VOCs profile | [27] |
Hattesohl (2011) | Cross-sectional Follow up after treatment | COPD vs. controls | 10 patients with COPD with AAT deficiency, 23 patients with COPD without AAT deficiency, 10 healthy controls | Phillipps University, Marburg (Germany) | eNose | VOCs profile | [28] |
Hauschild (2012) | Cross-sectional | COPD vs. controls | 30 patients with COPD, 54 patients with COPD + BC, 35 healthy controls | Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken (Germany) | IMS | VOCs profile | [29] |
Paredi (2000) | Cross-sectional | COPD vs. controls | 22 patients with COPD, 14 healthy controls | National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London (UK) | GC-FID | Ethane | [30] |
Phillips (2012) | Cross-sectional | COPD vs. controls | 119 patients with COPD, 63 healthy controls | Swansea University, Swansea (UK) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [31] |
Timms (2012) | Cross-sectional | COPD vs. asthma vs. controls | 17 patients with COPD, 20 patients with asthma, 7 healthy controls | University of New South Wales, Sydney (Australia) | eNose | VOCs profile | [32] |
Van Berkel (2010) | Cross-sectional | COPD vs. controls | 66 patients with COPD, 15 steroid naïve COPD patients, 45 healthy controls | Maastricht University MC (the Netherlands) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [33] |
Barker (2006) | Cross-sectional | CF vs. controls | 20 patients with CF, 20 healthy controls | Aachen CF center (Germany) | GC-MS | Set of 12 VOCs | [34] |
Enderby (2009) | Cross-sectional | CF vs. asthma | 16 patients with CF, 21 patients with asthma | University Hospital of North Staffordshire,Stoke-on-Trent (UK) | SIFT-MS | Hydrogen cyanide | [35] |
Gilchrist (2012) | Cross-sectional | CF with- vs. CF without Ps. infection | 8 CF patients with Ps. infection, 7 CF patients without Ps. infection | University Hospital of North Staffordshire,Stoke-on-Trent (UK) | SIFT-MS | Hydrogen cyanide | [36] |
Kamboures (2005) | Cross-sectional | CF vs. controls | 20 patients with CF, 23 healthy controls | University of California, Irvine (USA) | GC-MS | Carbonyl sulphide, Dimethyl sulphide, Carbon disulphide | [37] |
McGrath (2000) | Cross-sectional Follow up after treatment | CF during- vs. CF after exacerbation vs. controls | 12 patients with CF, 12 healthy controls | Queen’s University, Belfast (UK) | GC-MS | Isoprene | [38] |
Paredi (2000) | Cross-sectional | CF vs. controls | 23 patients with CF, 14 healthy controls | National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London (UK) | GC-FID | Ethane | [39] |
Robroeks (2010) | Cross-sectional | CF vs. controls | 48 patients with CF, 57 healthy controls | Maastricht University MC (the Netherlands) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [14] |
Shestivska (2011) | Cross-sectional | CF vs. controls | 28 patients with CF, 9 healthy controls | Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague (Czech Republic) | GC-MS | Methyl thiocyanate | [40] |
Bajtarevic (2009) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 285 patients with LC, 472 healthy controls | Innsbruck Medical University (Austria) | PTR-MS, GC-MS | VOCs profile | [41] |
Buszewski (2012) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 29 patients with LC, 44 healthy controls | Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun (Poland) | GC-MS | Set of multiple VOCs | [42] |
Crohns (2009) | Cross-sectional Follow up after treatment | LC vs. controls | 11 patients with LC, 30 healthy controls | Tampere University Hospital (Finland) | GC-MS | Pentane | [43] |
D’Amico (2010) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. no LC vs. controls | 28 patients with LC, 28 patients with diverse lung diseases (e.g. COPD (n = 16), bronchitis), 36 healthy controls | C. Forlanini Hospital, Rome (Italy) | eNose (GC-MS) | VOCs profile | [44] |
Di Natale (2003) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 35 patients with LC, 9 post-surgical LC patients, 18 healthy controls | C. Forlanini Hospital, Rome (Italy) | eNose (GC-MS) | VOCs profile | [11] |
Dragonieri (2009) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. COPD vs. controls | 10 patients with NSCLC, 10 patients with COPD, 10 healthy controls | Leiden University MC (the Netherlands) | eNose | VOCs profile | [12] |
Fuchs (2010) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 12 patients with LC, 12 healthy smokers, 12 healthy controls | University Rostock (Germany) | GC-MS | Set of 10 volatile aliphatic aldehydes | [45] |
Gaspar (2009) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 18 patients with LC, 10 healthy controls | University of Lisbon (Portugal) | GC-MS | VOCS profile | [46] |
Gordon (1985) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 12 patients with LC, 9 healthy controls | Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago (USA) | GC-MS | Set of 22 VOCs | [47] |
Kischkel (2010) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 31 patients with LC, 31 healthy smokers, 31 healthy controls | University of Rostock (Germany) | GC-MS | Set of 42 VOCs | [48] |
Ligor (2009) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 65 patients with LC, 31 healthy controls | Innsbruck Medical University (Austria) | GC-MS | Set of 103 VOCs | [49] |
Machado (2005) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. no LC vs. controls | 28 patients with LC, 57 patients with diverse lung diseases (e.g. COPD (n = 12), asthma (n = 11), CBD), 50 healthy controls | Cleveland Clinic (USA) | eNose (GC-MS) | VOCs profile | [13] |
Mazzone (2007) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. no LC vs. controls | 49 patients with NSCLC, 73 patients with diverse lung diseases (e.g. COPD (n = 18), sarcoidosis), 21 healthy controls | Cleveland Clinic (USA) | Colorimetric sensor array | VOCs profile | [50] |
Mazzone (2012) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 92 patients with LC, 59 healthy smokers, 78 patients with diverse lung diseases (e.g. COPD (n = 8)) | Cleveland Clinic (USA) | Colorimetric sensor array | VOCs profile | [51] |
Peng (2009) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 40 patients with LC, 56 healthy controls | Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa (Israel) | GNPs GC-MS | VOCs profile | [52] |
Peng (2010) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 30 patients with PLC, 22 healthy controls | Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa (Israel) | GNPs GC-MS | VOCs profile | [53] |
Phillips (1999) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. no LC | 108 patients with abnormal chest radiograph (60 patients with LC) | Penn State MC, Hershey (USA); Hammersmith Hospital, London (UK); St. Vincent’s MC, New York (USA) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [54] |
Phillips (2003) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. no LC vs. controls | 178 patients with abnormal chest radiograph (87 patients with LC), 41 healthy controls | Charing Cross Hospital, London (UK); Columbia Presbyterian MC/New York University MC/St. Vincent’s MC, New York (USA); Penn State MC, Hershey (USA) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [7] |
Phillips (2007–2008) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 193 patients with PLC, 211 (former) healthy smokers | Harper Hospital, Detroit; New York University MC/Columbia University MC/Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York (USA); University of California, Los Angeles; Danbury Hospital, Connecticut (USA). | GC-MS | VOCs profile | |
Poli (2005) | Cross-sectional Short follow-up in LC | LC vs. COPD vs. controls | 36 patients with NSCLC, 25 patients with COPD, 35 healthy smokers, 50 healthy non-smokers | University of Parma (Italy) | GC-MS | Set of 13 VOCs | [57] |
Poli (2008) | Follow-up | LC before vs. after surgery | 36 patients with NSCLC, 50 healthy controls | University of Parma (Italy) | GC-MS | Set of 12 VOCs | [58] |
Poli (2010) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 40 patients with NSCLC, 38 healthy controls | University of Parma (Italy) | GC-MS | Set of 7 aldehydes | [59] |
Preti (1988) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 10 patients with LC, 16 healthy controls | University Hospital Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (USA) | GC-MS | Aniline, o-Toluidine | [60] |
Rudnicka (2011) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 23 patients with LC, 30 healthy controls | Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun (Poland) | GC-MS | Set of 55 VOCs | [61] |
Skeldon (2006) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. no LC vs. controls | 12 patients with LC, 40 patients with diverse lung diseases, 58 healthy controls | Ninewells Hospital, Dundee (UK) | Laser absorption spectroscopy | Ethane | [62] |
Song (2010) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 43 patients with NSCLC, 41 healthy controls | Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui (China) | GC-MS | 1-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone | [63] |
Steeghs (2007) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 11 patients with LC, 57 healthy smokers | Radboud University, Nijmegen (the Netherlands) | PTR-MS | Mass-spectra | [64] |
Ulanowska (2011) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 137 patients with LC, 143 healthy controls | Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun (Poland) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [65] |
Wehinger (2007) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 17 patients with PLC, 170 healthy controls | Innsbruck Medical University (Austria) | PTR-MS | Mass-spectra | [66] |
Westhoff (2009) | Cross-sectional | LC vs. controls | 32 patients with LC, 54 healthy controls | Hemer Lung Hospital (Germany) | IMS | VOCs profile | [67] |
Chapman (2012) | Cross-sectional | MPM vs. ARD vs. controls | 20 patients with MPM, 18 patients with ARD, 42 healthy controls | St Vincent and Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney (Australia) | eNose | VOCs profile | [68] |
Gennaro (2010) Dragonieri (2012) | Cross-sectional | MPM vs. no MPM | 13 patients with MPM, 13 subjects with long-term asbestos exposure, 13 healthy controls | University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari (Italy) | eNose, GC-MS | VOCs profile | |
Chambers (2009) | Cross-sectional | A. fumigatus vs. controls | 32 patients with diverse lung diseases (e.g. asthma (n = 11), CF (n = 6), COPD (n = 3), 10 neutropenic patients, 14 healthy controls | University of Christchurch (New Zealand) | GC-MS | 2-Pentylfuran | [71] |
Hanson (2005) | Cross-sectional | VAP vs. no VAP | 19 patients with + VAP score, 19 patients with - VAP score | University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (USA) | eNose | VOCs profile | [72] |
Hockstein (2004) | Cross-sectional | VAP vs. no VAP | 13 ventilated patients with VAP, 12 ventilated patients without VAP | University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (USA) | eNose | VOCs profile | [73] |
Hockstein (2005) | Cross-sectional | VAP vs. no VAP | 15 patients with + VAP score, 29 patients with - VAP score | University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (USA) | eNose | VOCs profile | [74] |
Kanoh (2005) | Cross-sectional Short follow-up in ILD patients | ILD vs. controls | 34 patients with ILD, 16 healthy controls | National Defense Medical College, Saitama (Japan) | GC-FID | Ethane | [75] |
Kolk (2012) | Cross-sectional | TB vs. no TB | 171 patients suspected of TB | Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (the Netherlands); Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Cape Town (South Africa) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [76] |
Phillips (2007) | Cross-sectional | TB vs. no TB vs. controls | 42 patients suspected of TB, 59 healthy controls | Bellevue Hospital, New York (USA) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [77] |
Phillips (2010) | Cross-sectional | TB vs. no TB | 226 patients suspected of TB | University of California, San Diego (USA); University of Santo Tomas, Manila (Philippines), De La Salle University Hospital, Cavite (Philippines), East London Tuberculosis Service (UK) | GC-MS | VOCs profile | [78] |
Phillips (2012) | Cross-sectional | TB vs. controls | 130 patients with TB, 121 healthy controls | University of Santo Tomas, Manila (Philippines); De La Salle University Hospital, Cavite (Philippines); Homerton University Hospital, London (UK); Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai (India) | GC-SAW | VOCs profile | [79] |
Syhre (2009) | Cross-sectional | TB vs. controls | 10 patients with TB, 10 healthy controls | Otago University, Christchurch (New Zealand); Modilon Hospital, Madang (Papua New Guinea) | GC-MS | Methyl nicotinate | [80] |
Scholpp (2002) | Cross-sectional | Critically ill patients vs. controls | 65 critically ill patients (n = 19 with head injury, n = 13 with ARDS, n = 33 at risk of ARDS), 10 healthy controls | University Hospital of Freiburg (Germany) | GC-FID, GC-MS | Acetone Isoprene, n-Pentane | [81] |
Schubert (1998) | Cross-sectional Short follow-up in VAP patients | ARDS vs. no ARDS | 19 critically ill patients with ARDS, 18 critically ill patients without ARDS | University Hospital of Freiburg (Germany) | GC-FID, GC-MS | Acetone Isoprene, n-Pentane | [82] |