Respiratory impairment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obstructive impairment | |||||||
None (N=5792) | Restrictive (N=478) | Mild (N=551) | Moderate/severe/very severe (N=428) | P restrictive‡ | P mild OI‡ | P moderate/ severe OI‡ | |
Age (years) | 42.5 (0.3) | 50.1 (0.9) | 54.9 (0.7) | 55.2 (0.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Men (%) | 46.5 (0.7) | 56.4 (3.1) | 66.0 (3.0) | 58.4 (3.6) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
Race or ethnicity (%) | |||||||
White | 70.4 (2.3) | 54.7 (5.1) | 84.1 (2.8) | 78.0 (4.4) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.042 |
African American | 9.9 (1.0) | 9.3 (1.4) | 7.9 (1.9) | 7.7 (1.6) | |||
Mexican American | 9.3 (1.4) | 8.8 (1.9) | 3.4 (1.1) | 1.2 (0.4) | |||
Other | 10.4 (1.1) | 27.2 (4.0) | 4.5 (1.3) | 13.1 (3.6) | |||
Education (%) | |||||||
<High school | 16.4 (0.9) | 19.7 (2.0) | 17.2 (2.5) | 22.5 (3.4) | |||
High school graduate or equivalent | 22.2 (0.9) | 25.0 (3.8) | 28.4 (3.5) | 34.4 (3.8) | |||
>High school (%) | 61.4 (1.4) | 55.3 (4.1) | 54.4 (4.0) | 43.1 (4.9) | 0.112 | 0.063 | <0.001 |
Smoking status (%) | |||||||
Current | 18.8 (0.7) | 24.2 (3.2) | 35.7 (2.4) | 48.6 (3.8) | 0.081 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Former | 23.0 (0.9) | 23.2 (2.8) | 26.6 (3.0) | 26.4 (3.7) | |||
Never | 58.2 (1.2) | 52.6 (4.3) | 37.8 (3.6) | 25.0 (3.4) | |||
Cotinine >10 ng/ml (%) | 22.9 (0.8) | 29.3 (3.5) | 44.5 (3.5) | 53.1 (4.3) | 0.048 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 25.1 (0.8) | 34.1 (2.9) | 25.8 (2.4) | 30.8 (3.5) | 0.003 | 0.761 | 0.101 |
Total cholesterol ≥5.17 mmol/L (%) | 45.2 (0.9) | 41.4 (2.6) | 43.4 (3.6) | 36.8 (3.4) | 0.212 | 0.619 | 0.027 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.03 mmol/L in men, <1.29 mmol/L in women (%) | 32.1 (1.1) | 50.2 (2.9) | 26.7 (3.2) | 36.4 (5.1) | <0.001 | 0.085 | 0.397 |
Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥130 mg/dl (%) | 62.0 (0.8) | 61.8 (2.9) | 62.2 (3.6) | 53.9 (3.9) | 0.946 | 0.951 | 0.048 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥2.59 mmol/L* (%) | 67.7 (0.9) | 69.0 (4.0) | 72.4 (4.9) | 61.1 (6.0) | 0.747 | 0.350 | 0.290 |
C-reactive protein >3 mg/l (%) | 30.1 (0.7) | 48.8 (3.1) | 22.9 (2.5) | 34.1 (4.6) | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.371 |
FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L or diagnosed diabetes† (%) | 9.1 (0.7) | 25.8 (3.7) | 3.2 (0.7) | 10.0 (1.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.678 |
Diagnosed diabetes (%) | 6.1 (0.5) | 18.6 (2.3) | 3.9 (0.6) | 7.3 (1.3) | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.414 |
Body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 (%) | 35.4 (1.0) | 51.4 (2.9) | 21.6 (2.7) | 30.0 (4.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.206 |
Abdominal obesity (%) | 53.7 (1.1) | 65.1 (2.9) | 35.8 (2.9) | 50.2 (4.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.434 |
Leisure-time physical activity <150 min/week (%) | 59.9 (1.5) | 69.9 (2.8) | 55.3 (3.0) | 65.3 (4.3) | 0.004 | 0.210 | 0.225 |
Congestive heart failure (%) | 0.8 (0.1) | 3.2 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.2) | —§ | 0.003 | 0.550 | 0.069 |
10-Year cardiovascular risk† | |||||||
<10% | 77.3 (0.9) | 68.9 (3.9) | 73.2 (2.3) | 68.9 (2.7) | |||
10-20% | 14.6 (1.0) | 16.4 (2.8) | 15.4 (2.2) | 14.4 (2.6) | |||
>20% | 8.1 (0.5) | 14.7 (2.3) | 11.4 (1.2) | 16.7 (2.0) | 0.004 | 0.012 | <0.001 |