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Serum tumor markers: potential indicators for occult lymph node metastasis in clinical T1 − 2N0M0 small cell lung cancer patients

Respiratory Research volume 25, Article number: 341 (2024) Cite this article

Abstract

In their letter-to-the-editor entitled “Letter to the Editor: Incidence rate of occult lymph node metastasis in clinical T1 − 2N0M0 small cell lung cancer patients and radiomic prediction based on contrast-enhanced CT imaging: a multicenter study”, Prof. Chen et al. provided insightful comments and suggestions on our original study. We appreciate the authors’ feedback and have conducted a preliminary exploration of the predictive value of serum tumor markers (TMs) for occult lymph node metastasis (OLM) in clinical T1 − 2N0M0 (cT1 − 2N0M0) small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. The results indicate that neuron-specific enolase (NSE), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) have potential predictive value for detecting OLM in cT1 − 2N0M0 SCLC patients. Additionally, further exploration and confirmation through prospective, large-scale studies with robust external validation are needed.

We thank Prof. Chen et al. for their letter and appreciate their excellent comments on our study. Our group published a study in Respiratory Research that explored the incidence rate (33.9%, 82/242) of occult lymph node metastasis (OLM) in clinical T1 − 2N0M0 (cT1 − 2N0M0) small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients and developed a noninvasive method to predict OLM in patients with cT1 − 2N0M0 SCLC preoperatively. This retrospective multicenter study, which included 242 patients, was rigorously screened and quality controlled. The combined model including clinical features and intratumoral and peritumoral radiomic data demonstrated stable predictive performance for preoperative OLM status in the external validation group (area under the curve: 0.772; sensitivity: 67.9%; specificity: 80.4%) [1]. According to the latest SCLC treatment guidelines, surgery is only recommended for centain patients with clinical stage I-IIA (T1 - 2N0M0) SCLC diseases [2]. The accurate preoperative prediction of OLM in cT1 − 2N0M0 SCLC patients could help selecte the candidates who would benefit most from surgery and avoid unnecessary surgical procedures, which is critical for personalized treatment strategies.

SCLC is characterized by high malignancy and an early propensity for lymph node metastasis [3]. Determining whether early-stage cT1 − 2N0M0 SCLC patients have OLM preoperatively remains challenging, especially when using noninvasive methods. Our innovative model, which includes smoking status, tumor shape, and combined intratumoral and peritumoral radiomic features, offers significant predictive value for OLM. Although our study incorporated clinical factors, conventional imaging features, and radiomics, it lacked laboratory indicators, as described by Prof. Chen et al.

Serum tumor markers (TMs), as laboratory indicators, are known to reflect the differentiation and malignancy of lung cancer. They are correlated with tumor metastasis and have predictive significance for diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment efficacy [4,5,6,7]. Common TMs associated with lung cancer are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), progastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC). TMs are also widely used in SCLC. For instance, NSE is one of the most extensively studied biomarkers in SCLC, playing a significant role in diagnosis and treatment monitoring [8, 9], and it is superior to ProGRP in prognostic prediction [10]. However, ProGRP, known for its sensitivity and specificity in SCLC [11, 12], is particularly effective in diagnosis and differential diagnosis [10]. We reviewed recent literature from the past five years on the application of TMs in SCLC and summarized the relevant information in Table 1. Overall, TMs are correlated with the diagnosis, treatment efficacy, and prognosis of SCLC, although findings vary significantly across studies. Unfortunately, only one study has mentioned lymph node metastasis specifically within pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). In this study, Zhang et al. [13] conducted a retrospective analysis of 266 patients with PNETs, including 219 patients with SCLC, and found that pretreatment CEA level (CEA > 5 ng/ml: OR, 3.084; P = 0.014) was an independent risk factor for lymph node metastasis in PNETs. Additionally, pretreatment CEA (OR, 2.260; P = 0.007) was also an independent risk factor for distant metastasis in PNETs.

Table 1 Recent literatures from the past five years on the application of various TMs in SCLC
Full size table

Given the limited number of studies on TMs in patients with lymph node metastasis in SCLC, we conducted a preliminary exploration of TMs based on the suggestions of Prof. Chen et al. Due to variations in tumor marker types across hospitals, different negative reference values of laboratory indicators, and measurement errors, we collected only preoperative TM data from 158 patients at the main center (National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital). This center commonly uses six lung cancer TMs: CA125, CYFRA21-1, NSE, SCC, CEA, and ProGRP. Ultimately, patients with incomplete preoperative TM data were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 88 patients. To determine the potential predictive value of the TMs, an exhaustive analysis was performed to identify the optimal cut-off points for these indices. The following cut-off values were identified: CA125 at 8.39 U/ml, NSE at 10.79 ng/ml, SCC at 1.1 ng/ml, CYFRA21-1 at 8.22 ng/ml, CEA at 1.4 ng/ml, and ProGRP at 460.55 ng/ml. Based on these cut-off values, categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Table 2 shows the comparison of various TMs with the presence (OLM+) or absence (OLM-) of OLM in cT1 − 2N0M0 SCLC patients.

Table 2 The comparison of various TMs with the presence (OLM+) or absence (OLM-) of OLM
Full size table

In this study, all patients with OLM had NSE levels above the cut-off value of 10.79 ng/ml (p = 0.014), demonstrating a strong correlation between higher NSE levels and the presence of OLM. For CA125, a greater proportion of patients with OLM had CA125 levels above the cut-off value of 8.39 U/ml (p = 0.039), indicating its potential predictive value for OLM. Conversely, a lower proportion of OLM positive patients had SCC levels above the cut-off value of 1.1 ng/ml (p = 0.008), suggesting an inverse relationship between SCC levels and OLM. Among the three TMs, NSE demonstrated the highest sensitivity at 100% (30/30), while its specificity was low at 17.2% (10/58). CA125 had a sensitivity of 73.33% (22/30) and a specificity of 50% (29/58), and SCC had a sensitivity of 6.67% (2/30) and a specificity of 67.2% (39/58). However, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that CYFRA21-1 (p = 0.341), CEA (p = 0.263), or ProGRP (p = 0.295) can predict the presence of OLM in cT1 − 2N0M0 SCLC patients. This suggests that NSE, CA125, and SCC have potential predictive value for OLM in cT1 − 2N0M0 SCLC patients. Previous studies have shown that NSE is most highly expressed in SCLC [7, 10], while CA125 and SCC are most highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer [7, 14,15,16]. These findings indicate that these three tumor markers are widely used in lung cancer diagnostics, particularly NSE in SCLC. Although this study identified three potentially meaningful indicators, the small sample size may limit the generalizability of their clinical predictive value for OLM in SCLC. Further exploration and confirmation through prospective, large-scale studies with robust external validation are needed. Furthermore, it is well known that elevated TMs are more evident in mid- to late-stage SCLC [7, 17]. We speculate that the relationship between various TMs and OLM status might be less pronounced in cT1 − 2N0M0 SCLC patients, which increases the difficulty of the research.

In conclusion, NSE, CA125, and SCC have potential predictive value for detecting OLM in cT1 − 2N0M0 SCLC patients. We believe that TMs remain a promising research direction, as highlighted by Prof. Chen et al.’s comments. We are keen to closely monitor the TMs of the included patients and further explore the correlation. In future studies, we aim to expand our sample size, establish standardized prospective quality control measures, and conduct multicenter studies. This approach will allow us to comprehensively collect TM data and explore their predictive significance with a larger sample size, paving the way for improved performance of the prediction model for OLM in cT1 − 2N0M0 SCLC.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

SCLC:

Small cell lung cancer

OLM:

Occult lymph node metastasis

TMs:

Tumor markers

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

CA125:

Carbohydrate antigen 125

NSE:

Neuron-specific enolase

CYFRA 21-1:

Cytokeratin-19 fragment

ProGRP:

Progastrin-releasing peptide

SCC:

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen

PNETs:

Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the study participants and referring technicians for their participation in this study.

Funding

This study received funding from the Chinese Academy of Medical Science Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (2022-I2M-C&T-B-076, 2021-I2M-C&T-B-061) and the Beijing Hope Run Special Fund of Cancer Foundation of China (LC2022A22).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China

    Xu Jiang, Meng-Wen Liu, Lei Miao, Jiu-Ming Jiang, Meng Li & Li Zhang

  2. Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China

    Lin Yang

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Contributions

L.Y., L.Z. and M.L: Study design. Z.L. and X.J.: data analysis. X.J.: manuscript writing. J.X. and JM.J.: data collection. L.M. and L.Z.: study supervision. L.M., MW.L. and L.Z.: manuscript revision. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Meng Li or Li Zhang.

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Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Ethics Commission (NCC2021C-213).

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Jiang, X., Liu, MW., Miao, L. et al. Serum tumor markers: potential indicators for occult lymph node metastasis in clinical T1 − 2N0M0 small cell lung cancer patients. Respir Res 25, 341 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-024-02941-9

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Keywords

Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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