Table 6 Comparison of biomarkers during the three disease progression phases
From: IL-6 and cfDNA monitoring throughout COVID-19 hospitalization are accurate markers of its outcomes
Viral phase (1) N = 87 | Early inflammatory (2) N = 53 | Late inflammatory (3) N = 40 | p | p 1 vs 2 | p 1 vs 3 | p 2 vs 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leukocytes/mm3 | 7000 [5300;9050] | 8000 [6400;11400] | 8200 [6450;11800] | 0.034 | 0.092 | 0.056 | 0.582 |
Neutrophils/mm3 | 5100 [3350;6950] | 6000 [4400;8700] | 6050 [4100;8225] | 0.069 | 0.119 | 0.119 | 0.874 |
Lymphocytes/mm3 | 1000 [650;1400] | 1000 [700;1600] | 1150 [675;1900] | 0.705 | 0.858 | 0.858 | 0.858 |
N/L ratio | 5.12 [2.71;9.11] | 6.02 [2.61;14.35] | 4.96 [2.74;11.03] | 0.700 | 0.836 | 0.836 | 0.836 |
Platelet/mm3 | 234,000 [167500;285500] | 278,000 [197000;367000] | 227,000 [186000;278250] | 0.030 | 0.028 | 0.667 | 0.114 |
CRP (mg/L) | 50.00 [17.70;108.05] | 25.10 [9.40;74.60] | 17.00 [3.08;51.45] | 0.004 | 0.032 | 0.011 | 0.261 |
PCT (ng/mL) | 0.08 [0.05;0.16] | 0.07 [0.04;0.12] | 0.08 [0.04;0.23] | 0.415 | 0.564 | 0.620 | 0.620 |
LDH (U/L) | 294.50 [223.25;385.25] | 274.00 [201.00;345.00] | 232.00 [173.00;327.25] | 0.127 | 0.362 | 0.135 | 0.362 |
D-Dimer (µg/L) | 865.00 [434.00;1464.00] | 855.50 [495.25;1597.75] | 698.50 [345.50;1951.25] | 0.776 | 0.998 | 0.848 | 0.848 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 445.00 [219.80;620.90] | 647.50 [321.67;945.40] | 397.00 [248.50;726.10] | 0.107 | 0.103 | 0.808 | 0.343 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 36.40 [32.80;43.59] | 44.28 [38.81;49.81] | 41.11 [37.36;48.52] | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.381 |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | 52.01 [34.96;68.72] | 55.52 [45.64;91.01] | 77.32 [50.36;106.06] | 0.002 | 0.048 | 0.002 | 0.108 |
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 50.63 [43.09;61.88] | 60.12 [54.10;69.95] | 64.34 [53.61;69.23] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.954 |
IFN-ʏ (pg/mL) | 131.17 [116.20;158.99] | 164.89 [143.24;179.26] | 157.76 [134.66;188.20] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.578 |
IL-17A (pg/mL) | 18.48 [10.79;22.80] | 21.69 [18.71;28.26] | 23.90 [15.45;24.77] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.714 |
P-Selectin (ng/mL) | 47.42 [34.91;60.86] | 65.42 [49.03;80.14] | 64.95 [51.05;79.88] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.842 |
G-CSF (pg/mL) | 139.08 [120.98;160.64] | 147.85 [129.84;162.19] | 148.79 [132.43;157.64] | 0.478 | 0.488 | 0.488 | 0.964 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 29.11 [6.49;58.41] | 10.38 [2.59;31.52] | 10.06 [3.20;50.89] | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.190 | 0.552 |
cfDNA (ng/mL) | 6.40 [3.61;13.99] | 7.87 [5.34;14.65] | 10.53 [5.56;17.30] | 0.041 | 0.200 | 0.043 | 0.200 |
SaO2/FiO2 | 444.50 [365.00;460.75] | 429.00 [339.00;457.00] | 330.50 [170.75;467.75] | 0.832 | 0.938 | 0.938 | 0.938 |
SaO2 | 94.00 [88.50;96.00] | 90.00 [87.00;95.00] | 93.00 [88.00;95.00] | 0.035 | 0.057 | 0.109 | 0.466 |