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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants

From: Diabetes severity is strongly associated with the risk of active tuberculosis in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study with a 6-year follow-up

 

Active tuberculosis

 

No

Yes

N

2,468,487

21,231

 

Age (years)

57 (48–66)

64 (54–72)

 < 0.001

 < 40 years

196,728 (8.0)

782 (3.7)

 

40–64 years

1,555,698 (63.0)

10,313 (48.6)

 

 ≥ 65 years

716,061 (29.0)

10,136 (47.7)

 

Sex (male)

1,481,340 (60.0)

14,108 (66.5)

 < 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.9 (22.9–27.1)

23.6 (21.6–27.1)

 < 0.001

Smoking

  

 < 0.001

 Non-smoker

1,368,075 (55.4)

11,044 (52.0)

 

 Ex-smoker

451,376 (18.3)

3767 (17.7)

 

 Current smoker

649,036 (26.3)

6420 (30.2)

 

Alcohol drinking

251,173 (10.2)

2589 (12.2)

 < 0.001

Regular exercise

505,358 (20.5)

4062 (19.1)

 < 0.001

Income (lower 25%)

518,074 (21.0)

4825 (22.7)

 < 0.001

Dyslipidemia

1,039,708 (42.1)

8121 (38.3)

 < 0.001

Hypertension

1,393,988 (56.5)

12,777 (60.2)

 < 0.001

Chronic Kidney disease

277,637 (11.3)

3527 (16.6)

 < 0.001

Cardiovascular disease

324,264 (13.1)

3698 (17.4)

 < 0.001

Duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years

739,450 (30.0)

8623 (40.6)

 < 0.001

Pharmacologic therapy for DM

   

 Insulin

180,411 (2.1)

1274 (11.3)

 < 0.001

 Number of OHAs ≥ 3

348,593 (14.1)

4205 (19.8)

 < 0.001

Medication

   

 Metformin

1,162,405 (47.1)

11,229 (52.9)

 < 0.001

 Sulfonylurea

1,001,747 (40.6)

10,966 (51.7)

 < 0.001

 DPPIV-inhibitors

214,362 (8.7)

1866 (8.8)

0.5882

 Thiazolidinedione

155,753 (6.31)

1644 (7.7)

 < 0.001

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

269,829 (10.9)

3586 (16.9)

 < 0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

129.2 ± 15.9

129.5 ± 16.5

 < 0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

79.2 ± 10.3

78.5 ± 10.4

 < 0.001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

145.2 ± 47.0

150.9 ± 57.9

 < 0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

85.1 ± 36.4

82.4 ± 38.8

 < 0.001

Baseline TC (mg/dL)

197.8 ± 46.9

192.0 ± 48.1

 < 0.001

  1. Data are expressed as the means ± standard deviation, median (25–75%), or number (percentage, %)
  2. BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; OHAs, oral hypoglycemic agents; DPPIV-inhibitors, Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors