Table 1 Overlapping upregulated miRNAs between COVID-19 and IPF
From: Systematic review of overlapping microRNA patterns in COVID-19 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
miRNA | Disease | Study | Regulation | Biological material | Subject | Method | Outcome summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
miR-19a-3p | COVID-19 | M Fayyad-Kazan et al. [47] | ↑ | Plasma | COVID-19 = 6, healthy controls = 6 | qPCR array, qPCR | Plasma miR-19a-3p level could serve as potential diagnostic biomarker for SARS-CoV-2-infection |
IPF | T Kadota et al. [48] | ↑ | Lung fibroblast-derived EVs | IPF = 20, healthy controls = 26 | qPCR | IPF lung fibroblast-derived EVs contain elevated level of miR-19a-3p | |
miR-200c-3p | COVID-19 | R Pimenta et al. [49] | ↑ | Saliva | COVID-19 = 72, controls = 39 | qPCR | miR-200c-3p is a predictor of severity independent of COVID-19 risk factors |
MI Mitchell et al. [50] | ↑ | Serum-derived EVs | COVID-19 patients: severe (n = 17) vs mild (n = 13 | Small-RNA sequencing, qPCR | miR-200c-3p is upregulated in serum-derived EVs with COVID-19 severity | ||
IPF | G Yang et al. [51] | ↑ | Serum | Rapidly progressive IPF = 32, slowly progressive IPF = 36, healthy controls = 32 | miRNA array, qPCR | Circulating miRNAs in serum (such as miR-200c-3p) could be potentially served as novel regulators influencing disease progression of IPF | |
miR-21-5p | COVID-19 | I Saulle et al. [54] | ↑ | Plasma | COVID-19 = 15, controls = 6 | qPCR array | Combination of dysregulated miRNAs and antiviral/immune factors seems to control both the infection and the dysfunctional immune reaction |
A Garg et al. [55] | ↑ | Blood | COVID-19 = 10, healthy controls = 4 | Small-RNA sequencing | New insights into inflammation regulatory mechanisms of miRs in COVID-19, which may provide novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic avenues for COVID-19 patients | ||
IPF | S Sato et al. [110] | ↑ | IPF fibrocytes (BALF), EVs |  | qPCR | Fibrocytes from BALF collected from fibrotic interstitial pneumonia patients showed higher miR-21-5p expression than those from other patients | |
T Makiguchi et al. [58] | ↑ | Serum-derived EVs | IPF = 41, healthy controls = 21 | qPCR | EV miR-21-5p as potential prognostic biomarker for IPF | ||
G Yang et al. [51] | ↑ | Serum | Rapidly progressive IPF = 32, slowly progressive IPF = 36, healthy controls = 32 | qPCR array, qPCR | Circulating miRNAs in serum could be potentially served as novel regulators influencing disease progression of IPF | ||
P Li et al. [56] | ↑ | Serum | IPF = 76, healthy controls = 73 | Microarray, qPCR | Altered expression levels of miR-21-5p, miR-155 and miR-101-3p were associated with FVC and radiological features in IPF | ||
M Yamada et al. [52] | ↑ | Lung, AECs | IPF = 3, healthy controls = 3 | qPCR | miR-21-5p is increased in AECs during lung fibrosis and it promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition | ||
P Li et al. [57] | ↑ | Serum | IPF = 65, healthy controls = 65 | qPCR | Serum miR-21-5p is associated with IPF and the degree of damage indicated by FVC and radiologic examinations | ||
miR-145-5p | COVID-19 | A Parray et al. [59] | ↑ | Blood | COVID-19 patients: severe (n = 9) vs asymptomatic (n = 10) severe (n = 9) vs mild (n = 10) | Microarray | Unique miRNA and snoRNA profile that is associated with a higher risk of severity in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients |
MI Mitchell et al. [50] | ↑ | Serum-derived EVs, whole serum | COVID-19 patients: severe (n = 17) vs mild (n = 13) | Small-RNA sequencing, qPCR | miR-145-5p is upregulated in serum-derived EVs with disease severity | ||
IPF | T Kadota et al. [48] | ↑ | Lung fibroblast-derived EVs | IPF = 20, healthy controls = 26 | Microarray, qPCR | IPF lung fibroblast-derived EVs contain elevated levels of miR-145-5p, miR-23b-3p and miR-494-3p, inducing epithelial—cell senescence by targeting SIRT3, indeed acting as paracrine mediator in the pathogenesis of IPF | |
miR-199a-5p | COVID-19 | D de Gonzalo-Calvo et al. [60] | ↑ | Plasma | COVID-19 patients: ICU (n = 36) vs ward (n = 43) | qPCR array | Signature of three miRNAs (miR-148a-3p, miR-451a and miR-486-5p) that distinguishes between ICU and ward patients |
IPF | G Yang et al. [51] | ↑ | Serum | Profiling: Rapidly progressive IPF = 32, slowly progressive IPF = 36, healthy controls = 32 | qPCR array, qPCR | Circulating miRNAs in serum could be potentially served as novel regulators influencing disease progression of IPF | |
CL Lino Cardenas et al. [61] | ↑ | Lung | IPF = 94, healthy controls = 83 | qPCR | MiR-199a-5p behaves as a major mediator of lung fibrosis by promoting the pathogenic activation of pulmonary fibroblasts including proliferation, migration, invasion, and differentiation into myofibroblasts | ||
miR-23b | COVID-19 | I Saulle et al. [54] | ↑ | Plasma | COVID-19 = 15, controls = 6 | qPCR array | A combination of dysregulated miRNAs and antiviral/immune factors seems to control both the infection and the dysfunctional immune reaction |
IPF | T Kadota et al. [48] | ↑ | Lung fibroblast-derived EVs | IPF = 20, healthy controls = 26 | Microarray, qPCR | IPF lung fibroblast-derived EVs contain elevated levels of miR-145-5p, miR-23b and miR-494-3p, inducing epithelial-cell senescence by targeting SIRT3, indeed acting as paracrine mediator in IPF pathogenesis | |
miR-424 | COVID-19 | MI Mitchell et al. [50] | ↑ | Serum-derived EVs, Whole serum | COVID-19: severe (n = 17) vs mild (n = 13) | qPCR array, qPCR | miR-146a and miR-126-3p are significantly downregulated in serum-derived EVs with disease severity |
IPF | T Kadota et al. [48] | ↑ | Lung fibroblast-derived EVs | IPF = 20, healthy controls = 26 | Small-RNA Sequencing, qPCR | IPF lung fibroblast-derived EVs contain elevated levels of miR-424 |