Table 1 Characteristics of study population by composite outcome
|  | Patients with no composite outcome, n = 1518 | Patients with composite outcome, n = 278 | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
 Age, years (standard deviation) | 65 (15) | 71 (13) | < 0.0001 |
 Female, n = (%) | 654 (43) | 102 (37) | 0.0472 |
 White, n = (%) | 1266 (84) | 221 (79) | 0.1129 |
Social indicators | |||
 Married, n = (%) | 919 (60) | 156 (56) | 0.1664 |
 Current smoker, n = (%) | 73 (5) | 13 (5) | 0.9241 |
 Ever smoker, n = (%) | 573 (38) | 123 (44) | 0.0409 |
 Substance use disorder, n = (%) | 48 (3) | 12 (4) | 0.3247 |
Anthropometric measure | |||
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31 (8) | 30 (7) | 0.0035 |
Admission source | |||
 Home, n = (%) | 1264 (83) | 171 (61) | < 0.0001 |
 Clinic, n = (%) | 56 (4) | 9 (3) | 0.7109 |
 Acute care, n = (%) | 126 (8) | 70 (25) | < 0.0001 |
 Nursing home, n = (%) | 72 (5) | 28 (10) | 0.0004 |
Admitting service | |||
 Intensive care unit, n = (%) | 74 (5) | 113 (40) | < 0.0001 |
 Intern medicine, n = (%) | 1009 (66) | 100 (36) | < 0.0001 |
 Other service, n = (%) | 435 (29) | 65 (23) | 0.0712 |
Comorbid conditions | |||
 Anemia, n = (%) | 306 (20) | 122 (44) | < 0.0001 |
 Arthritis, n = (%) | 164 (11) | 41 (15) | 0.0572 |
 Atrial fibrillation, n = (%) | 301 (20) | 103 (37) | < 0.0001 |
 Asthma, n = (%) | 108 (7) | 15 (5) | 0.2669 |
 Bone marrow disease, n = (%) | 74 (5) | 22 (8) | 0.0384 |
 Bone marrow/stem cell transplant, n = (%) | 14 (1) | 2 (0.7) | 0.7407 |
 Coronary artery disease, n = (%) | 126 (8) | 38 (14) | 0.0043 |
 Cancer, active, n = (%) | 80 (5) | 24 (9) | 0.0273 |
 Cancer with metastasis, n = (%) | 36 (2) | 5 (2) | 0.5565 |
 Chronic kidney disease, n = (%) | 331 (22) | 80 (29) | 0.0110 |
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n = (%) | 215 (14) | 60 (22) | 0.0016 |
 Depression, n = (%) | 228 (19) | 53 (19) | 0.9712 |
 Dementia, n = (%) | 29 (2) | 13 (5) | 0.0050 |
 Diabetes mellitus, n = (%) | 556 (37) | 134 (48) | 0.0003 |
 Diabetes with complications, n = (%) | 321 (21) | 73 (26) | 0.0582 |
 Heart failure, n = (%) | 223 (15) | 72 (26) | < 0.0001 |
Human immuno-deficiency virus, n = (%) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 0.3922 |
Hyperlipidemia, n = (%) | 770 (51) | 168 (60) | 0.0029 |
Hypertension, n = (%) | 971 (64) | 223 (80) | < 0.0001 |
Immunodeficiency, n = (%) | 66 (4) | 20 (7) | 0.0410 |
Liver disease, n = (%) | 36 (2) | 14 (5) | 0.0130 |
Malnutrition, n = (%) | 102 (7) | 50 (18) | < 0.0001 |
Obstructive sleep apnea, n = (%) | 371 (24) | 54 (19) | 0.0705 |
Osteoporosis, n = (%) | 98 (6) | 22 (8) | 0.3708 |
Other lung conditions, n = (%) | 66 (4) | 34 (12) | < 0.0001 |
Other neurological conditions, n = (%) | 51 (3) | 12 (4) | 0.4253 |
Other psychiatric conditions, n = (%) | 128 (8) | 9 (3) | 0.0027 |
Peripheral artery disease, n = (%) | 6 (0.3) | 2 (0.7) | 0.4555 |
Solid organ transplant, n = (%) | 71 (5) | 14 (5) | 0.7954 |
Stroke, n = (%) | 54 (4) | 28 (10) | < 0.0001 |
Venous thrombo-embolism, n = (%) | 143 (9) | 54 (19) | < 0.0001 |
Vitals | |||
 Heart rate/min, (standard deviation) | 89 (18) | 93 (20) | 0.0077 |
 Respiratory rate/min, (standard deviation) | 22 (5) | 25 (8) | < 0.0001 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (standard deviation) | 131 (19) | 126 (21) | < 0.0001 |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (standard deviation) | 77 (12) | 73 (13) | < 0.0001 |
 Temperature in celcius (standard deviation) | 37.1 (0.6) | 37.2 (0.7) | 0.6469 |
 SpO2, 94%–100%, n = (%) | 970 (64) | 127 (46) | < 0.0001 |
  90–93%, n = (%) | 450 (30) | 83 (30) | 0.9433 |
  < 90%, n = (%) | 98 (6) | 68 (24) | < 0.0001 |
Laboratory measures | |||
 Hemoglobin, g/dL (standard deviation) | 12.9 (2.0) | 12.4 (2.3) | < 0.0001 |
 White blood cell count, ×10 (interquartile range) | 6.3 (4.6, 8.5) | 8.2 (5.3, 12.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Neutrophils, ×10 (interquartile range) | 4.7 (3.2, 6.6) | 6.6 (4.2, 10.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Lymphocytes, x10 (interquartile range) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.16) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.0001 |
 Platelets, ×10 (interquartile range) | 209 (86) | 198 (93) | 0.0503 |
 Sodium, mmol/L (standard deviation) | 135 (4.5) | 135 (6) | 0.2301 |
 Bicarbonate, mmol/L (standard deviation) | 23.7 (3.5) | 22.1 (4.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Anion gap, mmol/L (standard deviation) | 12.4 (2.9) | 13.4 (3.5) | < 0.0001 |
 Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL (interquartile range) | 17 (12, 25) | 28 (20, 41) | < 0.0001 |
 Creatinine, mg/dL (interquartile range) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.7) | < 0.0001 |
 Albumin, g/dL (standard deviation) | 3.6 (0.5) | 3.3 (0.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Alanine aminotransferase, U/L (interquartile range) | 28 (19, 46) | 29 (19, 49) | 0.4232 |
 Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L (interquartile range) | 38 (29, 55) | 47 (32, 71.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Bilirubin, mg/dL (interquartile range) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.0038 |
 Glucose, mg/dL (standard deviation) | 137 (54) | 154 (71) | < 0.0001 |
 c-reactive protein, mg/L (interquartile range) | 61.0 (24.7, 113.2) | 104.7 (19.4, 362.6) | < 0.0001 |
ECG measure | |||
 QTc, msec (standard deviation) | 449 (30) | 455 (35) | 0.0029 |
In-hospital complications | |||
 Hypothermia, n = (%) | 7 (0.5) | 8 (3) | < 0.0001 |
 Hypotension, n = (%) | 155 (10) | 124 (45) | < 0.0001 |
 Myocardial infarction, n = (%) | 13 (0.8) | 17 (6) | < 0.0001 |
 Cardiac arrest, n = (%) | 2 (0.1) | 20 (7) | < 0.0001 |
 Respiratory failure, n = (%) | 755 (50) | 259 (93) |  |
 Pulmonary edema, n = (%) | 16 (1) | 24 (9) | < 0.0001 |
 Pulmonary embolism, n = (%) | 91 (6) | 61 (22) | < 0.0001 |
 Secondary pneumonia, n = (%) | 145 (10) | 91 (33) | < 0.0001 |
 GI complications, n = (%) | 20 91) | 36 (13) | < 0.0001 |
 Electrolyte abnormality, n = (%) | 890 (59) | 230 (83) | < 0.0001 |
 Disseminated intra-vascular coagulation, n = (%) | 2 (0.1) | 6 (2) | < 0.0001 |
 Encephalopathy, n = (%) | 62 (0.4) | 66 (24) | < 0.0001 |
Drugs | |||
 Remdesivir, n = (%) | 162 (11) | 45 (16) | 0.0081 |
 Tocilizumab, n = (%) | 15 (1) | 15 (5) | < 0.0001 |
 Dexamethasone, n = (%) | 338 (22) | 83 (30) | 0.0060 |
 Hydroxychloroquine, n = (%) | 25 (2) | 11 (4) | 0.0115 |
 Aspirin, n = (%) | 534 (35) | 111 (40) | 0.1291 |
 Statin, n = (%) | 564 (37) | 105 (38) | 0.8452 |
 ACEI/ARBs, n = (%) | 426 (28) | 60 (22) | 0.0254 |
 Anti-psychotic medication, n = (%) | 90 (6) | 57 (21) | < 0.0001 |
 SSRI, n = (%) | 204 (13) | 26 (9) | 0.0609 |