Fig. 3

Proteomic subtypes of COPD and their association with clinical outcomes. A Data process. B Heatmap showing the DEPs among COPD 3 subtypes. Proteome based stratification of COPD revealed three subtypes (subtype I–III) related to different clinical outcomes and molecular feature: subtype I were patients with simplex COPD, and subtype II were COPD mainly co-existing with bronchiectasis, and subtype III were COPD largely co-existing with metabolic syndrome. The red and colors in the heatmap denote higher gene expression and lower gene expression, respectively. C Pathways for dysregulated proteins enriched. D Gene Ontology annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis of DEPs among COPD 3 subtypes. E A tridimensional plot via Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showing the configuration of indexes on COPD and its co-morbidities. F The final selected dysregulated proteins. G ROC analysis of PCA and the combination of (RRM1, SUPV3L1, KRT78). H The corresponding information on blood tests