Table 3 Estimates and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and Youden’s index for COVID-19 clinical diagnosis against real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in all COVID-19 cases, and by gender and age
All COVID-19 cases N = 6,560 Estimate (95% CI) | Gender | Age groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males n = 19,394 Estimate (95% CI) | Females n = 23,227 Estimate (95% CI) | ≤ 30 years n = 2,760 Estimate (95% CI) | 31–44 years n = 8,855 Estimate (95% CI) | 45–60 years n = 12,167 Estimate (95% CI) | > 60 years n = 18,839 Estimate (95% CI) | ||
Sensitivity | 0.78 (0.77–0.80) | 0.79 (0.77–0.81) | 0.78 (0.76–0.79) | 0.69 (0.64–0.74) | 0.73 (0.70–0.75) | 0.80 (0.78–0.82) | 0.85 (0.82–0.87) |
Specificity | 0.93 (0.93–0.93) | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | 0.92 (0.92–0.93) | 0.91 (0.89–0.92) | 0.91 (0.91–0.92) | 0.91 (0.91–0.92) | 0.96 (0.95–0.96) |
PPV | 0.54 (0.53–0.55) | 0.57 (0.56–0.59) | 0.51 (0.50–0.53) | 0.53 (0.48–0.57) | 0.54 (0.52–0.57) | 0.57 (0.55–0.59) | 0.50 (0.47–0.52) |
NPV | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 0.96 (0.95–0.96) | 0.97 (0.97–0.97) | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) |
Youden’s index1 | 0.71 (0.70–0.72) | 0.73 (0.71–0.75) | 0.70 (0.68–0.72) | 0.60 (0.55–0.65) | 0.64 (0.61–0.67) | 0.71 (0.69–0.73) | 0.81 (0.79–0.83) |