Fig. 5

TGF-β1 increases SCD1 expression and promotes fibroblast activation via PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling. A–D HFL1 cells were treated with TGF‑β1 (10 ng/ml) and LY294002 (10 μM) for 2 h, and a western blot analysis was performed to measure downstream PI3K. HFL1 cells were treated with TGF‑β1 (10 ng/ml) and LY294002 (10 μM) for 24 h. E–H A western blot analysis of the SREBP1, FASN, and SCD1 protein levels was performed. I–K qPCR was performed to measure the mRNA levels of ACACA, FASN, and SCD1. L–O The protein levels of fibronectin, COL1A1, and α-SMA were detected by western blotting. P–S The mRNA levels of FN1, COL1A1, COL3A1 and ACTA2 were measured by qPCR. The data are representative of three or six independent experiments and are presented as the means ± SEMs. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001, as determined by one-way ANOVA with the Tukey‒Kramer post hoc test