Table 1 Patient characteristics and outcomes according to the response to almitrine administration
Non-responders (n = 16) | Responders (n = 46) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | |||
Age (years) | 67 [56–71] | 62 [53–67] | 0.14 |
Male gender, n (%) | 12 (75%) | 29 (63%) | 0.38 |
BMI, (kg/m2) | 30 [27–33] | 28 [25–34] | 0.66 |
SAPS-2 score | 40 [32–50] | 31 [25–41] | 0.01 |
SOFA score at ICU admission | 2 [2–3] | 2 [2–2] | 0.30 |
Vaccination, n (%) | 1 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 0.45 |
Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 6 (38%) | 14 (30%) | 0.60 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 3 (19%) | 10 (22%) | 1.00 |
Obesity, n (%) | 8 (50%) | 20 (43%) | 0.65 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 4 (25%) | 12 (26%) | 1.00 |
Smokers, n (%) | 1 (6%) | 3 (6%) | 1.00 |
Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 1 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 0.45 |
Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (9%) | 0.56 |
Stroke, n (%) | 1 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 0.45 |
Chronic respiratory disease, n (%) | 3 (19%) | 1 (2%) | 0.04 |
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 1.00 |
Immunosuppression, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (11%) | 0.32 |
Oxygenation and biological variable at ICU admission | |||
FiO2 (%) | 85 [78–100] | 80 [71–100] | 0.86 |
PaO2 (mmHg) | 61 [58–70] | 65 [61–75] | 0.17 |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 74 [64–85] | 82 [70–100] | 0.19 |
SaO2 (%) | 92 [91–96] | 95 [93–96] | 0.14 |
PaCO2 (mmHg) | 32[31–35] | 34[31–37] | 0.85 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.2 [1.1–1.4] | 1.1 [0.8–1.7] | 0.52 |
Neutrophils count (× 109/L) | 7.8 [5.0–9.0] | 6.3 [4.4–8.5] | 0.52 |
Lymphocyte count (× 109/L) | 0.7 [0.6–0.9] | 0.6 [0.4–0.8] | 0.29 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 124 [50–189] | 108 [64–172] | 0.84 |
D-dimers (μg/L) | 778 [604–1080] | 757 [434–1244] | 0.6 |
Fibrinogen (g/L) | 6.0 [3.8–7.6] | 5.8 [5.1–7.0] | 0.63 |
Creatinine ( mol/L) | 62 [52- 70] | 62 [56–83] | 0.47 |
Creatinine clearance (mL/min/1.73m2) | 101 [84–109] | 95 [87–104] | 0.51 |
Treatments during ICU stay | |||
Dexamethasone, n (%) | 16 (100%) | 46 (100%) | 1.00 |
Tocilizumab, n (%) | 14 (88%) | 41 (89%) | 1.00 |
Norepinephrine, n (%) | 10 (62%) | 13 (28%) | 0.01 |
Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 3 (19%) | 0 (0%) | 0.01 |
Delays and outcomes | |||
Delay from onset of symptoms to hospital admission (days) | 8 [6–9] | 7 [6–9] | 0.77 |
Delay from onset of symptoms to ICU admission (days) | 10 [8–10] | 9 [7–10] | 0.79 |
Delay from onset of symptoms to almitrine administration (days) | 10 [8–11] | 10 [8–12] | 0.88 |
Delay from thoracic CT-scan to almitrine administration (days) | 2 [1–2] | 2 [1–3] | 0.60 |
Delay from ICU admission to almitrine administration (hours) | 7 [1–14] | 6 [1–33] | 0.29 |
Delay from awake prone positioning to almitrine administration (hours) | 4 [2–6] | 3 [2–7] | 0.48 |
Duration of awake prone positioning session (hours) | 2 [2–4] | 3 [2–5] | 0.09 |
Delay from ICU admission to intubation (hours) | 17 [8–24] | 23 [14–38] | 0.13 |
Delay from almitrine administration to intubation ( hours) | 6 [2–9] | 25 [7–37] | < 0.01 |
Non-invasive ventilation, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4%) | 1.00 |
Intubation, n (%) | 14 (88%) | 15 (33%) | < 0.01 |
Ventilator-free days at 28-Day (days) | 19 [2–24] | 28 [22–28] | < 0.01 |
ICU length of stay (days) | 12 [7–30] | 5 [3–10] | < 0.01 |
Hospital length of stay (days) | 19 [13–25] | 17 [9–30] | 0.32 |
ICU mortality, n (%) | 1 (6%) | 5 (11%) | 0.96 |
Mortality at 28-Day, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (9%) | 0.56 |
Mortality at 90-Day, n (%) | 2 (7%) | 5 (11%) | 1.00 |