Table 2 Baseline characteristics of pneumonia cases and matched controls categorized according to OAD diagnoses
Primary outcome | Pneumonia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Types of OADs | Asthma | COPD | Asthma-COPD overlap | |||
Characteristics | Cases (N = 332) | Controls (N = 3289) | Cases (N = 133) | Controls (N = 1296) | Cases (N = 40) | Controls (N = 361) |
Age (years) at inhaled medication initiation | 53.1 (± 19.9) | 52.4 (± 19.6) | 72.7 (± 9.3) | 72.3 (± 9.9) | 72.4(± 14.3) | 73.2(± 10.5) |
Sex | ||||||
Men | 120 (36.1) | 1179 (35.9) | 76 (57.1) | 754 (58.2) | 22 (55.0) | 199 (55.1) |
Women | 212 (63.9) | 2110 (64.2) | 57 (42.9) | 542 (41.8) | 18 (45.0) | 162 (44.9) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
Underweight | 17 (4.7) | 179 (3.7) | 16 (12.0) | 131 (10.1) | 7 (17.5) | 33 (9.1) |
Normal | 94 (22.3) | 1011 (27.1) | 47 (35.3) | 383 (29.6) | 9 (22.5) | 105 (29.1) |
Overweight | 86 (27.9) | 919 (31.8) | 28 (21.1) | 363 (28.0) | 10 (25.0) | 120 (33.2) |
Obese | 87 (30.4) | 666 (23.5) | 23 (17.3) | 257 (19.8) | 8 (20.0) | 71 (19.7) |
Unknown/missing | 48 (14.8) | 514 (13.9) | 19 (14.3) | 162 (12.5) | 6 (15.0) | 32 (8.9) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Current | 87 (16.2) | 618 (15.3) | 73 (54.9) | 551 (42.5) | 9 (22.5) | 107 (44.8) |
Former | 76 (30.4) | 814 (28.8) | 46 (34.6) | 556 (42.9) | 20 (50.0) | 177 (20.4) |
None | 147 (47.9) | 1682 (50.5) | 8 (6.0) | 138 (10.7) | 21 (52.5) | 66 (32.2) |
Unknown/missing | 22 (5.6) | 175 (5.5) | 6 (4.5) | 51 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (2.6) |
Alcohol abuse | ||||||
None | 65 (19.6) | 478 (15.7) | 32 (24.1) | 232 (17.9) | 5 (12.5) | 57 (15.8) |
Former | 0 (0.0) | 44 (1.8) | 5 (3.8) | 55 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (3.6) |
Current | 219 (66.0) | 2196 (66.4) | 73 (54.9) | 839 (64.7) | 27 (67.5) | 250 (69.3) |
Unknown/missing | 48 (14.4) | 571 (7.6) | 23 (17.2) | 170 (13.1) | 6 (15.0) | 41 (11.3) |
Average systolic blood pressure | 130.0 (± 19.5) | 130.5 (± 19.1) | 136.2 (± 20.4) | 139.2 (± 18.0) | 136.9(± 16.5) | 137(± 16.8) |
Measure of deprivation | ||||||
Least deprived | 77 (19.8) | 799 (24.4) | 21 (15.8) | 205 (15.8) | 5 (12.5) | 52 (14.4) |
Less deprived | 62 (24.5) | 776 (23.3) | 23 (17.3) | 268 (19.8) | 13 (32.5) | 91 (25.2) |
Deprived | 69 (21.7 | 697 (21.6) | 21 (15.8) | 264 (21.6) | 6 (15.0) | 74 (20.5) |
More deprived | 62 (19.2) | 559 (16.5) | 31 (23.3) | 284 (20.4) | 6 (15.0) | 73 (20.2) |
Most deprived | 62 (14.8) | 453 (14.1) | 37 (27.8) | 275 (21.9) | 10 (25.0) | 71 (19.7) |
Unknown/missing | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Charlson Index | ||||||
0 | 226 (68.1) | 2558 (77.8) | 61 (45.9) | 704 (54.3) | 18 (45.0) | 200 (55.4) |
1 | 49 (14.8) | 309 (9.4) | 18 (13.5) | 223 (17.2) | 12 (30.0) | 67 (18.6) |
≥ 2 | 57 (17.2) | 422 (12.8) | 54 (40.6) | 369 (28.5) | 10 (25.0) | 94 (26.0) |
Medications in the year before cohort entry | ||||||
ACE inhibitors | 67 (20.2) | 509 (15.5) | 42 (31.6) | 451 (34.8) | 13 (32.5) | 140 (38.8) |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 18 (5.4) | 119 (3.6) | 9 (6.8) | 99 (7.6) | 6 (15.0) | 28 (7.8) |
Beta-blockers | 26 (7.8) | 238 (7.2) | 25 (18.8) | 203 (15.6) | 5 (12.5) | 52 (14.4) |
Loop diuretics | 28 (8.4) | 171 (5.2) | 35 (26.3) | 196 (15.2) | 10 (25.0) | 60 (16.6) |
Thiazide diuretics | 46 (13.9) | 377 (11.5) | 20 (15.0) | 247 (19.1) | 7 (17.5) | 90 (24.9) |
Digoxin | 7 (2.1) | 36 (1.1) | 8 (6.0) | 47 (3.6) | …# | …# |
Nitrates | 18 (5.4) | 134 (4.1) | 15 (11.3) | 143 (11.0) | 5 (12.5) | 48 (13.3) |
Macrolides | 65 (19.6) | 380 (11.5) | 29 (21.8) | 206 (15.9) | 5 (12.5) | 56 (15.5) |
Aspirin | 55 (16.6) | 334 (10.2) | 42 (31.6) | 358 (27.6) | 12 (30.0) | 116 (32.1) |
Acetaminophen | 36 (10.8) | 279 (8.5) | 29 (21.8) | 252 (19.4) | 10 (25.0) | 58 (16.1) |
NSAIDs | 62 (18.7) | 536 (16.3) | 24 (18.1) | 194 (15.0) | 10 (25.0) | 52 (14.4) |
Opioids | 28 (8.4) | 155 (4.7) | 22 (16.5) | 110 (8.5) | 6 (15.0) | 42 (11.6) |
Insulin | 141 (42.5) | 1059 (32.2) | 62 (46.6) | 547 (42.2) | 19 (47.5) | 158 (43.8) |
Comorbidities in the year before cohort entry | ||||||
Hyperlipidemia | 28 (8.4) | 216 (6.6) | 16 (12.0) | 185 (14.3) | 5 (12.5) | 55 (11.6) |
Hypertension | 97(29.2) | 816 (24.8) | 56 (42.1) | 635 (49.0) | 18 (45.0) | 180 (49.9) |
Congenital CVA | 6 (1.8) | 59 (1.8) | 7 (5.3) | 49 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (1.9) |
Thyroid disease | 25 (7.5) | 226 (6.9) | 6 (4.5) | 107 (8.3) | 5 (12.5) | 36 (10.0) |
Liver disease | 5 (1.5) | 38 (1.2) | …# | …# | # … | # … |
CHF | 5(1.5) | 41(1.3) | 5(3.8) | 36(2.8) | # … | # … |
Diabetes | 31 (9.3) | 219 (6.7) | 15 (11.3) | 144 (11.1) | 7 (17.5) | 38 (10.5) |
Dementia | 5 (1.5) | 36 (1.1) | …# | …# | 12 (3.3) | 5 (1.4) |
Renal disease | 17 (5.1) | 157 (4.8) | 17 (12.8) | 139 (10.7) | 5 (12.5) | 37 (10.3) |
Atherosclerosis and PVD | 14 (4.2) | 94 (2.9) | 20 (15.0) | 143 (11.0) | 5 (12.5) | 35 (9.7) |
Respiratory events and medications in the year before cohort entry | ||||||
Physician visits per year | ||||||
1–17 | 98 (29.5) | 1403 (42.7) | 27 (20.3) | 265 (20.5) | 5 (12.5) | 64 (17.7) |
18–35 | 89 (26.8) | 933 (28.4) | 30 (22.6) | 379 (29.2) | 12 (30.0) | 108 (29.9) |
> 36 | 145 (43.7) | 953 (29.0) | 76 (57.1) | 652 (50.3) | 23 (57.5) | 189 (52.4) |
Moderate or severe exacerbation | 83 (25.0) | 372 (11.3) | 35 (26.3) | 254 (19.6) | 11 (27.5) | 93 (25.8) |
Oral corticosteroid | 79 (23.8) | 371 (11.3) | 35 (26.3) | 252 (19.4) | 11 (27.5) | 92 (25.5) |
Methylxanthines | …# | …# | …# | …# | …# | …# |
Respiratory antibiotics | 193 (58.1) | 1250 (38.0) | 78 (58.7) | 661 (51.0) | 22 (55.0) | 179 (49.6) |