Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all-cause mortality case patients and matched controls
Primary outcome | All-cause mortality | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Types of OADs | Asthma | COPD | Asthma-COPD overlap | |||
Characteristics | Cases (N = 139) | Controls (N = 1387) | Cases (N = 153) | Controls (N = 1503) | Cases (N = 42) | Controls (N = 400) |
Age (years) at inhaled medication initiation | 69.6 (± 14.8) | 69.1 (± 14.7) | 75.9 (± 9.7) | 75.2 (± 9.1) | 75.9 (± 8.0) | 75.4 (± 7.5) |
Sex | ||||||
Men | 75 (54.0) | 747 (53.9) | 96 (62.8) | 941 (62.6) | 26 (61.9) | 243 (60.8) |
Women | 64 (46.0) | 640 (46.1) | 57 (37.3) | 562 (37.4) | 16 (38.1) | 157 (39.3) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
Underweight | 9 (6.5) | 63 (4.5) | 19 (12.4) | 169 (11.2) | 8 (19.0) | 37 (9.2) |
Normal | 25 (18.0) | 384 (27.7) | 48 (31.4) | 469 (31.2) | 6 (14.3) | 115 (28.8) |
Overweight | 39 (28.1) | 449 (32.4) | 41 (36.8) | 406 (27.0) | 13 (31.0) | 130 (32.5) |
Obese | 30 (21.6) | 284 (20.5) | 17 (11.1) | 204 (13.6) | 15 (35.7) | 75 (18.8) |
Unknown/missing | 36 (25.8) | 207 (14.9) | 28 (18.3) | 255 (17.0) | 0 (0.0) | 43 (10.7) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Current | 33 (23.7) | 184 (13.3) | 68 (44.5) | 602 (40.1) | 17 (40.5) | 115 (28.8) |
Former | 43 (30.9) | 437 (31.5) | 56 (36.6) | 611 (40.7) | 18 (42.9) | 188 (47.0) |
None | 50 (36.0) | 657 (47.4) | 19 (12.4) | 192 (12.7) | 7 (16.6) | 82 (20.5) |
Unknown/missing | 13 (9.4) | 109 (7.8) | 10 (6.5) | 98 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (3.7) |
Alcohol abuse | ||||||
None | 16 (11.5) | 213 (15.4) | 19 (12.4) | 254 (16.9) | 9 (21.4) | 69 (17.2) |
Former | 0 (0.0) | 13 (0.9) | 5 (3.3) | 36 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (2.3) |
Current | 90 (64.8) | 919 (66.3) | 97 (63.4) | 960 (63.9) | 33 (78.6) | 272 (68.0) |
Unknown/missing | 33 (23.7) | 242 (17.4) | 32 (20.9) | 253 (16.8) | 0 (0.0) | 50 (12.5) |
Average systolic blood pressure | 141.4 (± 19.1) | 140.0 (± 19.8) | 137.7 (± 21.7) | 141.4 (± 19.5) | 140.6 (± 25.6) | 141.1 (± 20.2) |
Measure of deprivation | ||||||
Least deprived | 34 (24.5) | 327 (23.6) | 23 (15.0) | 206 (13.7) | 5 (11.9) | 60 (15.0) |
Less deprived | 24 (17.3) | 325 (23.4) | 27 (17.7) | 314 (20.9) | 7 (16.7) | 85 (21.3) |
Deprived | 33 (23.7) | 305 (22.0) | 35 (22.9) | 308 (20.5) | 7 (16.7) | 75 (18.8) |
More deprived | 23 (16.6) | 229 (16.5) | 32 (20.9) | 324 (21.6) | 13 (31.0) | 101 (25.3) |
Most deprived | 25 (18.0) | 201 (14.5) | 36 (23.5) | 351 (23.3) | 10 (23.8) | 79 (19.8) |
Unknown/missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Charlson Index | ||||||
0 | 66 (47.5) | 871 (62.8) | 71 (46.4) | 818 (54.4) | 17 (40.5) | 209 (52.3) |
1 | 26 (18.7) | 221 (15.9) | 33 (21.6) | 278 (18.5) | 8 (19.1) | 61 (15.3) |
≥ 2 | 47 (33.8) | 295 (21.3) | 49 (32.0) | 407 (27.1) | 17 (40.5) | 130 (32.5) |
Medications in the year before cohort entry | ||||||
ACE inhibitors | 52 (37.4) | 408 (29.4) | 54 (35.3) | 506 (33.7) | 14 (33.3) | 146 (36.5) |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 10 (7.2) | 73 (5.3) | 13 (8.5) | 100 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (6.0) |
Beta-blockers | 20 (14.4) | 159 (11.5) | 21 (13.7) | 204 (13.6) | …# | …# |
Loop diuretics | 24 (17.3) | 166 (12.0) | 41 (26.8) | 280 (18.6) | 10 (23.8) | 81 (20.3) |
Thiazide diuretics | 35 (25.2) | 296 (21.3) | 25 (16.3) | 314 (20.9) | 9 (21.4) | 91 (22.8) |
Digoxin | 7 (5.0) | 46 (3.3) | 11 (7.2) | 77 (5.1) | …# | …# |
Nitrates | 17 (12.2) | 131 (9.4) | 29 (19.0) | 186 (12.4) | 5 (11.9) | 55 (13.8) |
Macrolides | 22 (15.8) | 163 (11.8) | 23 (15.0) | 177 (11.8) | 5 (11.9) | 43 (10.8) |
Aspirin | 42 (30.2) | 325 (23.4) | 47 (30.7) | 449 (29.9) | 16 (38.1) | 123 (30.8) |
Acetaminophen | 22 (15.8) | 198 (14.3) | 46 (30.1) | 299 (19.9) | 11 (26.2) | 65 (16.3) |
NSAIDs | 29 (20.9) | 289 (20.8) | 26 (17.0) | 246 (16.4) | 5 (11.9) | 57 (14.3) |
Opioids | 19 (13.7) | 108 (7.8) | 22 (14.4) | 127 (8.5) | 9 (21.4) | 36 (9.0) |
Insulin | 47 (33.8) | 451 (32.5) | 59 (38.6) | 560 (37.3) | 18 (42.9) | 166 (41.5) |
Comorbidities in the year before cohort entry | ||||||
Hyperlipidemia | 14 (10.1) | 123 (8.9) | 14 (9.2) | 153 (10.2) | 6 (14.3) | 42 (10.5) |
Hypertension | 72 (51.8) | 581 (41.9) | 60 (39.2) | 676 (45.0) | 18 (42.9) | 188 (47.0) |
Congenital CVA | …# | …# | 9 (5.9) | 52 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (3.0) |
Thyroid disease | 10 (7.2) | 103 (7.4) | 9 (5.89) | 98 (6.5) | …# | …# |
Liver disease | 5 (3.6) | 17 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 26 (1.7) | …# | …# |
CHF | 5 (3.6) | 41 (1.3) | 13 (8.5) | 79 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (3.1) |
Diabetes | 20 (14.4) | 151 (10.9) | 21 (13.7) | 158 (10.5) | 5 (11.9) | 50 (12.5) |
Dementia | …# | …# | …# | …# | …# | …# |
Renal disease | 13 (9.4) | 81 (5.84) | 12 (7.8) | 131 (8.7) | 5 (11.9) | 44 (11.0) |
Atherosclerosis and PVD | 17 (12.2) | 97 (7.0) | 22 (14.4) | 152 (10.1) | 7 (16.7) | 50 (12.5) |
Respiratory events and medications in the year before cohort entry | ||||||
Physician visits per year | ||||||
1–17 | 47 (33.8) | 512 (36.9) | 39 (25.5) | 419 (27.9) | 7 (16.7) | 97 (24.3) |
18–35 | 26 (18.7) | 386 (27.8) | 32 (20.9) | 436 (29.0) | 8 (19.1) | 116 (29.0) |
> 36 | 66 (47.5) | 489 (35.3) | 82 (53.6) | 648 (43.1) | 27 (64.3) | 187 (46.8) |
Moderate or severe exacerbation | 28 (20.1) | 186 (13.4) | 42 (27.5) | 293 (19.5) | 11 (26.2) | 77 (19.3) |
Oral corticosteroid | 28 (20.1) | 185 (13.4) | 41 (26.8) | 292 (19.4) | 11 (26.2) | 77 (19.3) |
Methylxanthines | …# | …# | 6 (3.9) | 33 (2.2) | …# | …# |
Respiratory antibiotics | 64 (46.0) | 529 (38.1) | 83 (54.3) | 732 (48.7) | 21 (50.0) | 173 (43.3) |