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Fig. 1 | Respiratory Research

Fig. 1

From: Risk of all-cause mortality or hospitalization for pneumonia associated with inhaled β2-agonists in patients with asthma, COPD or asthma-COPD overlap

Fig. 1

Nested case–control analysis schematic design. 1) Both cases and controls have the same risk of exposure. 2) Matching on follow-up duration ensures that cases and matched controls have the same opportunity time. Cohort entry: at t = 0, i.e., 1st Rx for ICS, ICS/LABA, LABA, LAMA, SABA, or SAMA. Index Date: Date of an event of interest (i.e., Case = Red square) Cohort Exit: A case-patient, emigration, or the end of the study, whichever came first. ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; ICS/LABA: inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist; LABA: long-acting beta-agonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist, SABA: short-acting beta-agonist; SAMA: short-acting muscarinic antagonist

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