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Table 1 Patient characteristics and current conditions according to inflammatory types

From: Nationwide survey of refractory asthma with bronchiectasis by inflammatory subtypes

Current inflammatory type

N‡

Type 2-low

N = 68

Type 2-intermediate

N = 40

Type 2-high

N = 34

p-value

Age, years

142

62.7 ± 16.5

62.9 ± 13.7

64.7 ± 12.3

0.89

Sex, male, n (%)

142

18 (26.5)

12 (30.0)

15 (44.1)

0.19

Body mass index, kg/m2

121

22.8 ± 3.6

22.5 ± 5.0

23.2 ± 4.5

0.43

Follow-up period, years

136

7.9 ± 5.8§

6.9 ± 5.6

5.3 ± 6.0

0.04

Smoking history, never/past/current, %

140

70/28/2

63/30/8

70/24/6

0.58

Age at diagnosis of asthma, years

135

40.4 ± 22.4

40.5 ± 21.8

48.4 ± 19.1

0.15

Age at diagnosis of bronchiectasis/bronchiolitis, years

122

55.8 ± 17.6

59.3 ± 15.9

60.5 ± 15.2

0.48

Period from asthma diagnosis to bronchiectasis/ bronchiolitis diagnosis, years

117

13.1 ± 15.2

19.8 ± 20.6

12.8 ± 13.6

0.40

ICS dose, μg/day (eq. to fluticasone propionate)

139

613 ± 328§

671 ± 364

847 ± 401

0.02

Long-acting β2 agonist, n (%)

141

63 (92.7)

37 (92.5)

31 (93.9)

0.97

Long-acting muscarinic antagonist, n (%)

141

42 (61.8)§

17 (42.5)

8 (24.2)

0.001

Macrolide therapy, n (%)

141

40 (59.7)§

16 (40.0)

10 (29.4)

0.009

Biologics use, n (%)

142

17 (25.0)

11 (27.5)

4 (11.8)

0.22

OCS use, never/past/current, n

137

39/8/19

24/5/9

20/8/5

0.40

OCS dose in long-term OCS* users, < 5 mg/day / ≥ 5 mg/day /missing (eq. to prednisolone), n

54

8/16/3

1/13/0

5/8/0

0.13

Mucolytic agent use, n (%)

140

38 (55.9)§

14 (35.9)

8 (24.2)

0.006

Physiotherapy or airway clearance, n (%)

140

2 (2.9)

2 (5.1)

1 (3.0)

0.83

Blood white cell counts, /μL

142

7705 ± 2691

7414 ± 2619

7608 ± 2002

0.69

 Neutrophil counts, /μL

 

5407 ± 2611

4783 ± 2310

4415 ± 1831

0.15

 Eosinophil counts, /μL

 

121 ± 95§¶

467 ± 775§

870 ± 480

 < 0.0001

Serum total IgE, IU/mL

88

275 ± 335§

446 ± 607

573 ± 683

0.02

Serum C-reactive protein, mg/dL

116

1.6 ± 3.3§

0.9 ± 2.1

0.2 ± 0.2

0.005

Exhaled nitrate oxide, ppb

142

15.9 ± 8.0§¶

50.5 ± 41.3§

82.4 ± 63.0

 < 0.0001

%FEV1, %

126

78.7 ± 32.5

88.4 ± 22.5

87.5 ± 31.9

0.045

FEV1/FVC, %

126

66.9 ± 16.0

69.8 ± 12.8

64.9 ± 13.2

0.39

Findings of computed tomography

     

 Bronchiectasis/bronchiolitis/both, %

 

14/28/58

28/24/48

21/33/46

0.54

 Modified Reiff score

134

3.4 ± 3.6

3.1 ± 3.3

1.9 ± 2.5

0.13

 Number of lobes affected by bronchiolitis

124

3.4 ± 2.4

2.3 ± 2.0

2.7 ± 2.2

0.043

Sputum S. pneumonia ( +), n (%)

102

6 (11.3)

2 (6.9)

4 (20.0)

0.37

Gram-negative bacteria ( +), n (%)

102

32 (60.4)§¶

7 (24.1)

4 (20.0)

0.0005

P. aeruginosa ( +), n (%)

102

21 (39.6)§¶

3 (10.3)

2 (10.0)

0.003

Presence of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroid in the last 2 years†, n (%)

104

31 (62.0)

13 (44.8)

14 (56.0)

0.33

Presence of exacerbations requiring antibiotics in the last 2 years†, n (%)

110

33 (62.3)

9 (28.1)

9 (36.0)

0.005

Presence of bronchopneumonia in the last 2 years†, n (%)

112

31 (56.4)§¶

10 (30.3)

5 (20.8)

0.004

Presence of hospitalisation for exacerbation in the last 2 years†, n (%)

112

15 (27.8)§

6 (18.2)

1 (4.0)

0.045

  1. Data are presented as means ± SD. Most recent data are presented, if not otherwise stated. FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, ICS inhaled corticosteroid, OCS oral corticosteroid. *Long-term OCS use was defined as regular current or past OCS use. †Examined in cases who were followed for 2 years or more. ‡Number of responded cases for each item, §p < 0.05 vs type 2-high group, ¶p < 0.05 vs type 2-intermediate group