Fig. 6

Simplified diagram of the results of amphiregulin (AREG)-induced cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2) and fibronectin via the epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun pathway in A549 human lung epithelial cells. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β induces the release of AREG, which in turn activates EGFR, resulting in the activation of JNK and activator protein (AP)-1. Moreover, AP-1 mediates CCN2 and FN expression through AREG stimulation in A549 human lung epithelial cells, which leads to EMT. Schematic figure created with BioRender.com (https://biorender.com/)