Type of sample | References | Study aims | Number of patients | Proteomics analysis | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma | Chen et al. 2013 [151] | To examine the changes in serum protein expression in patients with ARDS | 11 patients and 15 controls | iTRAQ, MALDI-TOF, LC–MS/MS | Of the 132 proteins identified, 16 were expressed in patients with ARDS, of which 11 overlapped between the direct and indirect lung injury groups; 5 were specific to the indirect lung injury group |
 | Liu et al. 2017 [152] | To examine the changes in serum protein expression in patients with ARDS undergoing ECMO | 51 patients | FC, ELISA, MS | The levels of IL10 were correlated with survival and delayed recovery |
 | Li et al. 2019 [153] | To examine the changes in serum protein expression in patients with ARDS | 5 patients and 5 healthy controls | LC–MS/MS | Of the 162 proteins identified, 128 were upregulated and 34 were downregulated in patients with ARDS |
 | Dong et al. 2021 [154] | To examine the changes in serum protein expression in patients with ARDS and association with 28-day mortality | 300 patients | SomaScan assay | IGFBP7 moderately increased ARDS 28-day mortality. The association between IGFBP7 and ARDS 28-day mortality seems to be mediated by the platelet count |
BALF | Bowler et al. 2004 [155] | To examine the protein profile of patients with mild ARDS and healthy volunteers | 16 patients and 12 healthy volunteers | 2D-PAGE, MALDI-TOF/MS | Of the 158 proteins identified, transferrin, IgG, clusterin, serum amyloid protein, hemopexin, IgG heavy chain, complement component 3, α2 or β‑hemoglobin, α2 or β2‑glycoprotein1, and α2‑Heremans‑Schmid‑glycoprotein were upregulated in patients with ARDS; SP-A and α1 antitrypsin were downregulated |
 | de Torre et al. 2006[156] | To investigate the temporal changes of proteome in patients with ARDS and healthy volunteers | 11 patients and 33 healthy volunteers | 2D-PAGE, MALDI-TOF, SELDI-TOF | Apolipoprotein A1, S100 calcium-binding proteinsA8 and A9, AT3, transthyretin, hemoglobin-A chain-b were upregulated in ARDS |
 | Chang et al. 2008 [149] | To examine the changes in protein expression in patients with ARDS over time | 20 patients and 9 healthy volunteers | 2D-PAGE, MALDI-TOF/MS | 991 proteins were detected, of which those implicated in the immune response (complement C3, S100 calgranulin A9, fibrinogen alpha chain, α1 antitrypsin, apolipoprotein A1, and hemopexin) were overexpressed |
 | Schnapp et al. 2013[148] | To examine the changes in protein expression in patients with ARDS | 3 patients | 2D-HPLC, LC–MS/MS, Shotgun | 870 proteins were identified; albumin, ceruplasmin, fibrinogen α chain, α1 chymotrypsin, α2-HS-glycoprotein, antitrypsin inhibitor, IGFBP-3 were upregulated |
 | Nguyen et al. 2013[157] | To examine changes in proteins in patients with ARDS with and without VAP | 30 patients | 2D-HPLC, ESI–MS/MS | In patients with ARDS, 119 proteins were identified, of which 47 were downregulated; S100A8, lactotransferrin, and actinin 1 were upregulated in VAP-positive patients |
 | Bhargava et al. 2014[158] | To examine the changes in protein expression in early-phase survivors vs non-survivors and late phase survivors with ARDS | 24 patients | iTRAQ, 2D-HPLC, LC–MS/MS | Patients with ARDS showed predominance in coagulation and fibrinolysis proteins, immune responsive proteins, and proteins maintaining cation and iron homeostasis. On the other hand, early-phase non-survivors had more proteins of the carbohydrate catabolism |
 | Ren et al. 2016 [159] | To examine changes in proteins in patients with ARDS and pneumonia | 14 patients | iTRAQ, LC–MS/MS, 2D-HPLC, LC–MS/MS | DMBT1 can potentially serve as a biomarker for early ARDS diagnosis and disease severity assessment |
 | Bhargava et al. 2017 [160] | To examine changes in proteins in patients with ARDS | 36 patients | iTRAQ, 2D-HPLC, LC–MS/MS | 1115 high confidence proteins in BALF were identified, of which 142 were differentially expressed between survivors and non-survivors |
Lung cell | Dong et al. 2013 [161] | To examine changes in proteins in alveolar macrophages of patients with ARDS with and without VAP | 14 patients | 2D-PAGE, MALDI-TOF/MS | Between alveolar macrophages, 135 proteins were differentially expressed, of which 17 were characteristic of the recovery phase, and 10 of the exudative phase |