Fig. 3
From: Recent advances in vitamin D implications in chronic respiratory diseases
Overview of vitamin D in regulating inflammatory responses in lung cancer and cystic fibrosis. Tumor or cystic fibrosis inflammatory/proliferative microenvironment induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors which accelerate tumor growth, invasion, and mucus secretion. Vitamin D affects the inflammatory microenvironment inhibiting inflammatory and cell proliferation signaling pathways (NF-kB/MAPK). NF-kB nuclear factor-kappa B, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, CTL cytotoxic T lymphocytes, MHC II major histocompatibility complex class II, CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, IL- interleukin, CD co-stimulatory domain, DC dendritic cell, IgE immunoglobulin E, TNF-a tumor necrosis factor alpha,  + vitamin D, beneficial effect