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Fig. 1 | Respiratory Research

Fig. 1

From: Recent advances in vitamin D implications in chronic respiratory diseases

Fig. 1

Summary of effects of vitamin D on innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung. Vitamin D has been shown to reduce inflammation and increase interleukin (IL)-10 levels. Vitamin D also modulates effector cells involved in the pathogenicity of allergic asthma: decreases mast cell activation, eosinophil count and infiltration of lung tissue. This inter play between innate and adaptive immune response emphases the potential of vitamin D to influence immune responses to allergens and build tolerance. Vitamin D has been shown to suppress the differentiation of Th1 cells and increase the production of anti-microbial peptides (LL-37 and β-defensins) by phagocytic cells. VDR Vitamin D Receptor, PRRs pathogen recognition receptors, TLRs Toll-like receptors, NLR nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, TCR T-cell receptor, DC dendritic cells, MHC II major histocompatibility complex class II, CD co-stimulatory domain, IL interleukin, Th- T helper cells, T-reg regulatory T cells, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, ROS reactive oxygen species, NO nitric oxide, IgE Immunoglobulin E,  + vitamin D, beneficial effect

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