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Table 3 Prognostic factors for exacerbations reported across the included studies

From: Prognostic risk factors for moderate-to-severe exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic literature review

Study

Country

Age

Sex

CAT score

mMRC score

Smoking

Temperature and pollution

Prior exacerbation

BMI

6MWD

QoL score

Race, ethnicity, or region

Comorbidities

Eosinophil count

Biomarkers

Disease severity or BDR

Adir 2018 [62]

Israel

a

Alexopoulos 2015 (GOLDEN study) [28]

Greece

b

Annavarapu 2018 [34]

US

Bade 2019 [80]

US

Bafadhel 2018 [37]

Global

Bartels 2018 [63]

Canada

a

Baumeler 2016 (PROMISE-COPD study) [33]

EU

a

Calverley 2018 (TIOSPIR study) [38]

Global

[39]

Chapman 2018 (SUNSET trial) [89]

Global

Couillard 2017 [90]

Canada

Crisafulli 2015 [35]

Spain

de Miguel-Díez 2019 [31]

Spain

Eklöf 2020 (e-publication, 2019) [40]

Denmark

a

Emura 2019 [66]

Japan

b

Engel 2017 (REDUCE study) [24]

Switzerland

Erol 2018 [67]

Turkey

Estirado 2018 [41]

Spain

c

Ferguson 2018 (KRONOS study) [91]

Global

Fuhrman 2017 [42]

France

Han 2017 (SPIROMICS study) [20]

US

[110]

[82]

a

Han 2018 [68]

Taiwan

Huang 2018 [69]

Taiwan

b

Jo 2018 [18]

South Korea

Jo 2018b [27]

South Korea

Jung 2015 [70]

South Korea

a

Kim 2017 [71]

South Korea

Kim 2019 (COPDGene study) [64]

US

[81]

[81]

[65]

Ko 2019 [92]

China

Kobayashi 2018 [72]

Japan

b

Krachunov 2017 [32]

Bulgaria

Krachunov 2018 [43]

Bulgaria

b

Lau 2017 [83]

US

Lee 2019 [73] (Yoon 2019)

Korea

Liu 2015 [29]

China

b

MacDonald 2019 [93]

Australia

Make 2015 [44]

Global

Marçôa 2018 [19]

Portugal

Margüello 2016 [23]

Spain

McGarvey 2015 [22]

UK

a

Montserrat-Capdevila 2015 [45]

Spain

b

Montserrat-Capdevila 2016 [46]

Spain

b

Müllerová 2019 (HO-17–18,395 study) [94]

US

Orea-Tejeda 2018 [47]

Mexico

Papi 2018 (TRIBUTE trial) [48]

Global

Pascoe 2019 (IMPACT trial) [13]

Global

c

c [49]

c

Pasquale 2016 [50]

US

Pavlovic 2017 [74]

Serbia

a

Pavord 2016 (INSPIRE, TRISTAN, SCO30002 trials) [99]

Global

c

Pikoula 2019 [84]

UK

Roche 2017 (FLAME trial) [96]

Global

c

Rothnie 2018 [12]

UK

Santibáñez 2016 [26]

Spain

b

Schuler 2018 (RIMTCORE study) [51]

Germany

c

a

Singh 2016 (TRILOGY trial) [52]

Global

Søgaard 2016 [53]

Denmark

c

Song 2018 [75]

South Korea

b

Stanford 2018 (HO-11–732 study) [54]

US

Stanford 2019 [55]

US

Sundh 2015 [76]

Sweden

a

Tsiligianni 2016 (UNLOCK study) [17]

Netherlands

Urwyler 2019 [77]

Switzerland

Vedel-Krogh 2016 (Copenhagen General Population Study) [8]

Denmark

[11]

Vestbo 2017 (TRINITY trial) [56]

Global

Vestbo 2019 [97]

Global

Vogelmeier 2019 [60]

US & UK

Wallace 2019 [78]

US

b

Watz 2016 (WISDOM trial) [98]

US

c

Wei 2017 (TOLD study) [85]

Taiwan

Wei 2018 [57]

China

Westerik 2017 [7]

Netherlands

Whalley 2019 (The Salford Lung study) [58]

UK

Wu 2018 [111]

China

Yii 2019 [21]

Singapore

Yohannes 2017 (ECLIPSE study) [16]

Global

[25]

[25, 30]

Yun 2018 (ECLIPSE + COPDGene study) [14]

Global

Zeiger 2018 [59]

US

  1. Bold cells denote studies reporting significant results. Results for each study were captured from the primary publications, except for any additional data captured from linked publications, which are cited in the table under the relevant prognostic factor
  2. 6MWD 6-min walk distance, BDR bronchodilator reversibility, BMI body mass index, CAT COPD Assessment Test, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mMRC modified Medical Research Council, QoL quality of life
  3. aOnly forced expiratory volume in 1 s; bOnly disease severity; cAssociation of two variables with exacerbations