Table 2 Characteristics of the 543 elderly participating in 1079 visits in this study, 2016–2018
| Â | Female | Male | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 ≤ 70 years |  > 70 years |  ≤ 70 years |  > 70 years | |
n = 225 | n = 102 | n = 109 | n = 107 | |
Baseline characteristics | ||||
 Age, mean ± SD, year | 66.8 ± 1.7 | 73.6 ± 2.6 | 66.7 ± 1.6 | 74.2 ± 2.9 |
 Height, mean ± SD, cm | 154.3 ± 5.6 | 152.5 ± 5.2 | 165.5 ± 6.2 | 164 ± 6 |
 Weight, mean ± SD, kg | 58.6 ± 8.7 | 56.9 ± 7.2 | 69.5 ± 9.5 | 66 ± 9.5 |
 Education < 13 year, n (%) | 113 (50.2) | 69 (67.6) | 44 (40.4) | 36 (33.6) |
Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
 Never | 219 (97.3) | 101 (99) | 67 (61.5) | 58 (54.2) |
 Former | 5 (2.2) | 1 (1) | 32 (29.4) | 34 (31.8) |
 Current | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 10 (9.2) | 15 (14) |
Pack-years*, mean ± SD | 18.4 ± 5.1 | 17.6 | 19.2 ± 16.1 | 17.9 ± 11.6 |
Dusty job history, n (%) | 24 (10.7) | 14 (13.7) | 22 (20.2) | 26 (24.3) |
SHS exposure, min per month, mean ± SD | 159.6 ± 1447.7 | 155.4 ± 651.2 | 202.4 ± 1154.3 | 125 ± 787.5 |
Cooking (frying), min per month, mean ± SD | 914.3 ± 1425.8 | 945.6 ± 974.9 | 292.1 ± 863.5 | 261 ± 765.4 |
Incense burning at home, n (%) | ||||
 Never | 124 (55.1) | 35 (34.3) | 50 (45.9) | 49 (45.8) |
 < Once a week | 4 (1.8) | 1 (1) | 2 (1.8) | 3 (2.8) |
 Once to trice a week | 16 (7.1) | 16 (15.7) | 12 (11) | 16 (15) |
 > Trice a week | 81 (36) | 50 (49) | 45 (41.3) | 39 (36.4) |
Using range hood when cooking (frying), n (%) | 203 (90.2) | 93 (91.2) | 95 (87.2) | 91 (85) |
Asthma, n (%) | 3 (1.3) | 2 (2) | 3 (2.8) | 5 (4.7) |
Regular treatment for asthma, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (3.7) |
Chronic airway diseases, n (%) | 3 (1.3) | 2 (2) | 5 (4.6) | 4 (3.7) |
Regular treatment for chronic airway diseases, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 4 (3.7) | 2 (1.9) |
FVC, mean ± SD, L | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2 ± 0.4 | 3 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.5 |
FEV1, mean ± SD, L | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.4 |
FEV1/FVC, mean ± SD, % | 80.2 ± 5.8 | 79.9 ± 7.4 | 79.2 ± 7.9 | 77.5 ± 7 |
Obstructive ventilation*, n (%) | 8 (3.6) | 4 (3.9) | 9 (8.3) | 9 (8.4) |
Total lung capacity (TLC), mean ± SD, L | 4 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 1 | 4.9 ± 0.9 |
Residual volume (RV), mean ± SD, L | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 1 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.9 |
RV/TLC, mean ± SD, % | 47.3 ± 9.1 | 48.6 ± 9.9 | 41.4 ± 6.5 | 44.7 ± 9.2 |
DLco, mean ± SD, mL/mmHg/min | 15.8 ± 3.2 | 15.9 ± 4 | 20.2 ± 4.7 | 18.7 ± 4.7 |
Alveolar volume (VA), mean ± SD, L | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 1 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.8 |
DLco/VA, mean ± SD, ml/min/mmHg/L | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4 ± 0.8 |
VA/TLC, mean ± SD, % | 96.6 ± 0.9 | 96.7 ± 0.7 | 96.9 ± 0.7 | 97 ± 0.6 |
Number of visits | ||||
 1 | 80 | 41 | 30 | 42 |
 2 | 67 | 27 | 40 | 30 |
 3 | 78 | 34 | 39 | 35 |
Follow-up duration*, year | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.6 |