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Table 2 In-depth analysis of respiratory muscle function in post-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients versus control, and based on dyspnea on exertion presence/severity, at 1-year follow-up

From: Diaphragm dysfunction as a potential determinant of dyspnea on exertion in patients 1 year after COVID-19-related ARDS

 

Controls (n = 10)

Patients with COVID-19 (n = 10)

p-value

Dyspnea level in patients with COVID-19

No/mild (n = 4)

Moderate (n = 4)

Severe (n = 2)

p-value*

Age (years)

61 ± 7

58 ± 9

n.s

–

–

–

n.s

Proportion of males, %

70

70

n.s

–

–

–

n.s

Non-volitional invasive RMS

 CMS TwPdi, cmH2O [LLN. 19.0 (M/F)]

22 ± 6

20 ± 8

n.s

16 ± 4

26 ± 10

17 ± 1

n.s

 COMS TwPdi, cmH2O [LLN. 9.7 (M), 11.3 (F)]

14 ± 9

16 ± 9

n.s

21 ± 11

13 ± 4

11 ± 17

n.s

Volitional invasive RMS

 Sniff Pdi, cmH2O [LLN. 78 (M), 57 (F)]

79 ± 24

71 ± 30

n.s

92 ± 40

57 ± 8

57 ± 1

0.04

 Sniff Pes, cmH2O [LLN. − 57 (M), − 41 (F)]

− 54 ± 16

− 54 ± 27

n.s

− 71 ± 38

− 46 ± 11

− 38 ± 8

n.s

 Mueller Pdi, cmH2O [LLN. 63 (M), 48 (F)]

80 ± 38

52 ± 41

n.s

66 ± 26

57 ± 55

25 ± 14

0.05

 Mueller Pes, cmH2O [LLN. − 11 (M), − 13 (F)]

− 26 ± 25

− 35 ± 38

n.s

− 40 ± 31

− 39 ± 34

− 20 ± 4

n.s

Twitch interpolation

 DVAI, % [LLN. 31 (M/F)]

73 ± 6

48 ± 17

< 0.01

62 ± 9

46 ± 8

23 ± 3

0.02

Diaphragm ultrasound

 Amplitude TB, cm [LLN. 1.2 (M/F)]

1.46 ± 0.61

1.46 ± 0.61

n.s

1.25 ± 0.29

1.60 ± 0.52

1.50 ± 0.71

n.s

 Velocity TB, cm/sec [LLN. 0.8 (M/F)]

1.202 ± 0.59

1.12 ± 0.57

n.s

1.25 ± 0.50

1.20 ± 0.24

1.00 ± 0.73

n.s

 Sniff velocity, cm/sec [LLN. 6.7 (M), 5.2 (F)]

6.22 ± 1.26

6.23 ± 1.90

n.s

7.00 ± 0.82

6.95 ± 1.33

3.25 ± 1.77

0.02

 Thickness at FRC, cm [LLN. 0.17 (M), 0.15 (F)]

0.22 ± 0.12

0.21 ± 0.03

n.s

0.22.0.03

0.23 ± 0.05

0.21 ± 0.01

n.s

 Thickness at TLC, cm [LLN 0.46 (M), 0.35 (F)]

0.58 ± 0.27

0.39 ± 0.08

0.05

0.39 ± 0.11

0.40 ± 0.08

0.39 ± 0.01

n.s

 DTR [LLN 2.2 (M/F)]

2.76 ± 0.72

1.87 ± 0.37

< 0.01

1.76 ± 0.38

1.91 ± 0.48

1.86 ± 0.19

n.s

 DTf, % [LLN 120 (M/F)]

126 ± 74

87 ± 37

< 0.01

76 ± 38

97 ± 48

86 ± 19

n.s

  1. Bold indicates p value < 0.05
  2. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number of patients (percentage). *ANOVA. Lower limit of normal (LLN) values for males (M) and females (F) are fifth percentile values derived from previous studies by our group [5,6,7]
  3. CMS cervical magnetic stimulation (of the phrenic nerve roots), COMS cortical magnetic stimulation (of the phrenic nerve roots), DTR diaphragm thickening ratio, DTf diaphragm thickening fraction, DVAI diaphragm voluntary activation index, FRC functional residual capacity, PDI transdiaphragmatic pressure, Pes esophageal pressure, Pgas gastric pressure, RMS respiratory muscle strength, TB tidal breathing, TLC total lung capacity, TwPDI twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure
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Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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