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Table 4 Characteristics and comparison of Patients grouped by outcome (n = 104)

From: Use of high flow nasal cannula in patients with acute respiratory failure in general wards under intensivists supervision: a single center observational study

 

Alive (n = 88)

Death (n = 16)

p value

OR (95% CI)

Age—year

76 [61–82]

76 [61–86]

0.48

1.01 (0.98–1.05)

Male sex—no. (%)

45 (51%)

7 (44%)

0.59

0.74 (0.25–2.17)

SOFA Score

3 [2–4]

5 [3–7]

0.002

1.55 (1.16–2.08)

APACHE II Score

11 [8–13]

12 [10–15]

 < 0.001

3.21 (1.15–10.09)

Charlson’s Comorbidity Index

5 [3–6]

5 [3–6]

0.66

0.54 (0.03–9.36)

Comorbidities—no. (%)*

 COPD

31 (35%)

7 (44%)

0.52

1.43 (0.49–4.21)

 Others respiratory

22 (25%

3 (19%)

0.58

0.69 (0.18–2.66)

 Malignancies

16 (18%)

5 (31%)

0.25

2.05 (0.62–6.71)

 Congestive heart failure

13 (15%)

0 (0%)

0.03

[–]

 Cardiac

15 (17%)

4 (25%)

0.46

1.62 (0.46–5.72)

 Hypertension

30 (34%)

6 (38%)

0.79

1.16 (0.38–3.50)

 Hepatic

3 (3%)

2 (13%)

0.17

4.05 (0.62–26.43)

 Renal

5 (6%)

3 (19%)

0.11

3.83 (0.82–17.98)

 Diabetes mellitus

7 (8%)

2 (13%)

0.57

1.65 (0.31–8.79)

 Neurologic

9 (10%)

1 (6%)

0.60

0.59 (0.07–4.97)

Immunocompromised—no. (%)§

21 (24%)

5 (31%)

0.53

1.45 (0.45–4.65)

Reason for hospital admission—no. (%)

 Respiratory

67 (76%)

8 (50%)

0.04

0.31 (0.10–0.94)

 Surgery

3 (3%)

3 (19%)

0.04

6.54 (1.19–35.91)

 Sepsis

3 (3%)

2 (12%)

0.17

4.04 (0.62–26.43)

 Cardiac

5 (7%)

0 (0%)

0.19

[–]

 Mixed cardiac—respiratory

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

0.56

[–]

 Others

9 (10%)

3 (19%)

0.35

2.02 (0.48–8.48)

Cause of acute respiratory failure—no. (%)

 Community-acquired pneumonia

44 (50%)

8 (50%)

1

1 (0.34–2.90)

 Hospital-acquired pneumonia

14 (16%)

2 (12%)

0.72

0.76 (0.15–3.70)

 COPD

10 (11%)

3 (19%)

0.43

1.80 (0.44–7.43)

 Others respiratory

6 (7%)

1 (7%)

0.93

0.91 (0.10–8.12)

 Cardiac failure

8 (9%)

2 (12%)

0.68

1.43 (0.27–7.44)

 Mixed cardiac

6 (7%)

0 (0%)

0.15

[–]

Bilateral infiltrates in chest radiograph—no. (%)

33 (38%)

7 (43%)

0.63

1.30 (0.44–3.81)

Failure—no (%)#

10 (11%)

10 (62%)$

 < 0.001

13 (3.89–43.48)

  1. *Overlap may exist between comorbidities
  2. §Immunocompromised: use of long-term (> 3 months) or high-dose (> 0.5 mg/kg/day) steroids, use of other immunosuppressant drugs, solid organ transplantation, solid cancer requiring chemotherapy in the last 5 years, hematologic malignancy regardless of time since diagnosis and received treatments, or primary immune deficiency
  3. #Of the 20 patients who failed, 3 did not tolerate the device, 14 need escalation of the ventilatory support in the ward and only 3 were transferred to ICU. 2 patients out of the 3 admitted to ICU died for ARF worsening. Hence, the rate of failure is 20/104 (19.2%)
  4. $Of the 10 patients who died, 8 had a do-not-intubate order and only 2 had been assigned a “full code resuscitation”