Table 2 Concentrations of vitamins A, C, D, and E (α- and γ-tocopherol) by characteristics of study participants, continuous NHANES (1999–2006)
From: Serum antioxidant vitamins and respiratory morbidity and mortality: a pooled analysis
| Characteristics | % participants | Vitamin A (µg/dl) | Vitamin C (mg/dl) | 25-OHD (ng/mL) | Vitamin E isoforms | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Tocopherol (mg/dl) | γ-Tocopherol (µg/dl) | ||||||||||
| Median (Q1,Q3) | P | Median (Q1,Q3) | P | Median (Q1,Q3) | P | Median (Q1,Q3) | P | Median (Q1,Q3) | P | ||
| All participants | 100 | 58.7 (48.5, 70.2) | 0.95 (0.58, 1.24) | 24.1 (18.5, 30.1) | 1.17 (0.92, 1.52) | 210 (137, 296) | |||||
| Age groups | |||||||||||
| 20–39 years | 38.9 | 54.7 (45.0, 65.1) | Ref. | 0.91 (0.57, 1.18) | Ref. | 24.3 (18.3, 30.4) | Ref. | 0.99 (0.82, 1.21) | Ref. | 210 (151, 283) | Ref. |
| 40–59 years | 39.3 | 59.7 (49.7, 71.5) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.53, 1.18) | 0.001 | 24.0 (18.7, 29.9) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.01, 1.58) | < 0.001 | 221 (142, 316) | < 0.001 |
| 60 + years | 21.8 | 64.5 (54.5, 76.3) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (0.73, 1.43) | < 0.001 | 24.0 (18.6, 29.2) | 0.015 | 1.47 (1.13, 1.98) | < 0.001 | 182 (104, 287) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Men | 48.2 | 62.6 (53.1, 73.4) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.50, 1.15) | < 0.001 | 24.4 (19.3, 29.8) | 0.015 | 1.15 (0.91, 1.48) | < 0.001 | 213 (143, 298) | 0.470 |
| Women | 51.8 | 54.8 (44.9, 66.3) | 1.03 (0.67, 1.33) | 23.7 (17.8, 30.2) | 1.18 (0.94, 1.56) | 206 (132, 293) | |||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Whites | 71.9 | 61.0 (51.0, 72.5) | Ref. | 0.98 (0.56, 1.27) | Ref. | 26.0 (20.8, 31.4) | Ref. | 1.22 (0.96, 1.60) | Ref. | 206 (131, 294) | Ref. |
| Non-Hispanic Blacks | 10.7 | 51.0 (41.1, 62.4) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.60, 1.14) | < 0.001 | 15.0 (11.2, 20.1) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.82, 1.21) | < 0.001 | 238 (170, 318) | < 0.001 |
| Mexican Americans | 7.6 | 52.1 (43.1, 62.0) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.65, 1.14) | < 0.001 | 20.7 (15.9, 25.6) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (0.88, 1.35) | < 0.001 | 214 (151, 296) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 9.9 | 55.0 (45.0, 65.2) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.64, 1.20) | 0.132 | 20.8 (16.2, 26.3) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (0.90, 1.42) | < 0.001 | 201 (138, 278) | 0.992 |
| Income | |||||||||||
| < $20,000 | 22.5 | 55.6 (45.1, 67.3) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.45, 1.17) | < 0.001 | 22.0 (15.9, 27.9) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (0.86, 1.41) | < 0.001 | 227 (152, 314) | < 0.001 |
| $20,000 + | 77.5 | 59.7 (49.5, 71.0) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.25) | 24.6 (19.2, 30.3) | 1.19 (0.95, 1.55) | 205 (133, 291) | |||||
| Education levels | |||||||||||
| Below high school graduate | 19.4 | 56.0 (45.5, 67.2) | < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.47, 1.15) | < 0.001 | 21.9 (15.9, 27.7) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (0.88, 1.40) | < 0.001 | 227 (153, 316) | < 0.001 |
| High school graduate/Some college | 55.9 | 58.8 (48.8, 69.9) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.53, 1.21) | < 0.001 | 24.3 (18.5, 30.2) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.91, 1.52) | < 0.001 | 220 (148, 306) | < 0.001 |
| College graduate or higher | 24.7 | 61.1 (50.6, 72.9) | Ref. | 1.07 (0.81, 1.34) | Ref. | 25.3 (20.5, 30.5) | Ref. | 1.25 (1.01, 1.60) | Ref. | 176 (111, 251) | Ref. |
| Cigarette smoke exposure | |||||||||||
| No smoke exposure | 28.9 | 58.0 (48.4, 70.2) | Ref. | 1.07 (0.79, 1.33) | Ref. | 24.4 (19.5, 29.9) | Ref. | 1.24 (0.98, 1.63) | Ref. | 186 (120, 268) | Ref. |
| Secondhand smoke exposure | 21.4 | 56.1 (45.5, 67.4) | < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.58, 1.22) | < 0.001 | 22.6 (16.9, 29.1) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (0.87, 1.38) | < 0.001 | 228 (156, 310) | < 0.001 |
| Past smokers (Quit > 5 years ago) | 19.2 | 63.2 (53.2, 75.1) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.73, 1.33) | 0.011 | 25.4 (19.9, 30.3) | 0.200 | 1.33 (1.06, 1.77) | < 0.001 | 200 (116, 291) | 0.020 |
| Past smokers (Quit within last 5 years) | 5.9 | 58.9 (48.6, 70.8) | 0.985 | 0.94 (0.64, 1.18) | < 0.001 | 23.9 (19.2, 30.2) | 0.709 | 1.14 (0.90, 1.47) | < 0.001 | 213 (148, 301) | < 0.001 |
| Current smokers | 24.6 | 57.8 (48.1, 68.6) | 0.174 | 0.68 (0.29, 1.05) | < 0.001 | 23.6 (17.1, 30.2) | < 0.001 | 1.05 (0.86, 1.31) | < 0.001 | 226 (160, 311) | < 0.001 |
| BMI | |||||||||||
| Underweight | 1.8 | 52.2 (40.6, 62.4) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.50, 1.34) | 0.826 | 25.0 (18.5, 31.2) | 0.029 | 1.01 (0.80, 1.25) | < 0.001 | 159 (102, 233) | 0.097 |
| Normal | 32.1 | 57.7 (48.0, 69.8) | Ref... | 1.06 (0.70, 1.34) | Ref. | 26.3 (20.6, 32.2) | Ref. | 1.11 (0.89, 1.44) | Ref. | 171 (115, 237) | Ref. |
| Overweight | 34.2 | 61.4 (51.2, 72.7) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.63, 1.25) | < 0.001 | 24.5 (19.4, 30.2) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (0.98, 1.62) | < 0.001 | 209 (139, 292) | < 0.001 |
| Obese | 31.9 | 57.0 (47.1, 68.4) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.47, 1.11) | < 0.001 | 21.6 (16.1, 27.3) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (0.93, 1.50) | 0.004 | 256 (179, 354) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||||||
| Heavy drinker | 9.9 | 64.9 (55.0, 77.8) | < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.48, 1.23) | < 0.001 | 25.5 (19.9, 31.3) | < 0.001 | 1.17 (0.93, 1.52) | 0.004 | 207 (135, 291) | 0.025 |
| Light/moderate drinker | 62.7 | 59.2 (49.2, 70.2) | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.59, 1.23) | 0.001 | 24.7 (19.4, 30.4) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (0.93, 1.51) | 0.007 | 207 (136, 290) | < 0.001 |
| Non-drinker | 27.4 | 55.7 (45.4, 67.5) | Ref. | 0.98 (0.59, 1.29) | Ref. | 22.4 (16.7, 28.1) | Ref. | 1.18 (0.92, 1.57) | Ref. | 216 (140, 310) | Ref. |
| Taking vitamin supplements | |||||||||||
| Yes | 53.5 | 61.5 (51.0, 73.4) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (0.82, 1.37) | < 0.001 | 25.5 (20.6, 31.2) | < 0.001 | 1.35 (1.06, 1.80) | < 0.001 | 170 (107, 254) | < 0.001 |
| No | 46.5 | 55.5 (46.1, 66.3) | 0.74 (0.36, 1.05) | 22.2 (15.9, 28.3) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.22) | 247 (184, 335) | |||||
| Caloric intake tertiles | |||||||||||
| 3rd (higher) | 33.2 | 59.9 (50.5, 71.1) | 0.002 | 0.90 (0.54, 1.18) | < 0.001 | 24.9 (19.6, 30.3) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (0.89, 1.44) | < 0.001 | 222 (151, 302) | < 0.001 |
| 2nd | 34.1 | 58.9 (48.5, 70.4) | 0.111 | 1.00 (0.61, 1.26) | 0.980 | 24.0 (18.5, 30.2) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (0.94, 1.57) | 0.932 | 205 (134, 292) | 0.824 |
| 1st (lower) | 32.7 | 57.3 (46.9, 69.2) | Ref. | 0.98 (0.61, 1.30) | Ref. | 23.5 (17.7, 29.3) | Ref. | 1.19 (0.94, 1.58) | Ref | 202 (127, 293) | Ref |
| General health status | |||||||||||
| Excellent or very good | 52.0 | 59.4 (49.3, 70.6) | Ref. | 1.03 (0.70, 1.30) | Ref. | 25.6 (20.4, 31.2) | Ref. | 1.18 (0.93, 1.53) | Ref. | 199 (128, 276) | Ref. |
| Good | 31.4 | 58.1 (48.0, 69.4) | 0.228 | 0.90 (0.52, 1.19) | < 0.001 | 23.0 (17.6, 29.2) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.92, 1.51) | 0.008 | 218 (146, 305) | < 0.001 |
| Fair or poor | 16.6 | 57.9 (46.5, 70.7) | 0.167 | 0.82 (0.44, 1.14) | < 0.001 | 20.9 (15.5, 26.7) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.91, 1.50) | 0.050 | 237 (154, 337) | < 0.001 |
| Current asthma | |||||||||||
| Yes | 6.1 | 59.3 (48.7, 70.7) | 0.540 | 0.90 (0.53, 1.22) | 0.028 | 23.3 (17.9, 29.5) | 0.321 | 1.15 (0.91, 1.47) | 0.043 | 213 (146, 296) | 0.121 |
| No | 93.9 | 58.7 (48.6, 70.2) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.24) | 24.2 (18.6, 30.1) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.53) | 209 (137, 296) | |||||
| Wheeze in past 12 months | |||||||||||
| Yes | 15.5 | 59.0 (48.7, 70.5) | 0.030 | 0.85 (0.42, 1.15) | < 0.001 | 23.4 (17.5, 29.4) | 0.078 | 1.14 (0.91, 1.48) | 0.001 | 230 (158, 324) | < 0.001 |
| No | 84.5 | 58.7 (48.5, 70.2) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.25) | 24.3 (18.7, 30.2) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.53) | 206 (134, 291) | |||||
| Chronic bronchitis or emphysema | |||||||||||
| Yes | 6.9 | 61.1 (48.5, 73.1) | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.36, 1.17) | < 0.001 | 23.3 (17.9, 29.2) | 0.339 | 1.21 (0.94, 1.59) | 0.057 | 234 (152, 332) | 0.002 |
| No | 93.1 | 58.5 (48.5, 70.1) | 0.97 (0.60, 1.24) | 24.2 (18.5, 30.1) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.52) | 208 (137, 294) | |||||