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Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample by country (n = 24 993)

From: Impaired lung function and mortality in Eastern Europe: results from multi-centre cohort study

 

Czech Republic

Russia

Poland

Lithuania

 

(n = 6 768)

(n = 6 882)

(n = 4 559)

(n = 6 844)

Age (years), mean (SD)

58.3 (7.1)

57.9 (7.0)

58.1 (6.9)

60.9 (7.6)

Age (years), %

    

 < 50

16.6

17.3

16.2

11.9

 50–59

37.7

43.2

42.5

31.8

 60–69

44.0

38.0

39.4

43.3

 ≥ 70

1.7

1.5

1.9

13.0

Women, %

54.2

54.0

50.6

54.5

Occupational status, %

    

 Employed

43.4

36.6

35.8

39.7

 Retired/employed

8.0

18.5

5.9

17.5

 Retired/unemployed

45.2

39.4

51.9

37.2

 Unemployed

3.4

5.5

6.4

5.6

Smoking status, %

    

 Current, ≥ 1 cigarette

23.0

28.2

28.3

17.4

 Current, < 1 cigarette

2.7

1.0

2.0

2.1

 Past smoker

29.7

13.4

28.2

17.9

 Never

44.6

57.3

41.5

62.6

Smoking categorya, %

    

 Light

55.4

36.3

43.7

45.6

 Moderate

38.2

51.2

44.1

45.2

 Heavy

6.4

12.5

12.2

9.2

Alcohol consumptionb, %

    

 Never

11.7

14.5

35.1

47.4

 < 1/monthly

25.9

37.6

21.8

26.7

 1–3/monthly

21.1

21.6

0.2

19.9

 1–4/weekly

28.5

23.5

19.1

5.5

 ≥ 5/weekly

12.9

2.7

3.8

0.5

Deprivation rangec, mean (SD)

1.6 (2.3)

3.8 (3.6)

2.1 (2.9)

1.0 (1.9)

Physical activity moderated, mean (SD)

13.7 (12.2)

16.8 (11.7)

13.9 (10.6)

15.8 (10.8)

Physical activity vigorouse, mean (SD)

4.4 (5.4)

2.5 (5.9)

5.6 (6.1)

2.9 (4.8)

BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2

28.2 (4.6)

28.5 (5.5)

28.3 (4.6)

29.4 (5.3)

Comorbidities, %

    

Cardiovascular diseases

    

 Hypertension

65.2

65.6

60.5

66.5

 Myocardial infarction

5.0

7.2

8.3

7.8

 Ischemic heart disease

8.2

15.7

19.0

9.8

 Stroke

3.3

4.8

2.5

4.2

Lung diseases

    

 COPD

14.4

23.3

11.3

16.3

 Asthma

4.6

3.0

6.8

3.9

 Cough (> 3 months)

14.0

17.5

16.6

14.8

 Chest pain (> 3 months)

12.5

15.5

15.3

15.5

Any type of cancer

6.3

2.9

5.1

7.2

Other diseases

    

 Diabetes

11.4

5.2

12.1

7.6

 Any type of surgery

2.0

0.2

1.9

1.0

Spirometry, mean (SD)

    

 FEV1

2.55 (0.8)

2.58 (0.8)

2.55 (0.8)

2.63 (0.8)

 FVC

3.3 (0.9)

3.1 (0.9)

3.1 (0.9)

3.3 (0.9)

 FEV1predicted (NHANES)f

3.0 (0.6)

2.86 (0.6)

2.92 (0.6)

2.85 (0.6)

 Z-scoreg

− 0.56 (1.1)

− 0.34 (1.2)

− 0.54 (1.1)

− 0.14 (1.1)

  1. BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity
  2. aSmoking category ((current or past heavy (> 30 cigarettes per day), moderate (11–29 cigarettes per day), or light (< 10 cigarettes per day))
  3. bAlcohol consumption (never, graduated frequency from 1 to 3 drinks monthly or 1–5 drinks weekly)
  4. cDeprivation scale (graded from 1 as a least deprived up to 12 as a most deprived)
  5. dNumber of hours per week undertaken by household domain physical activity (e.g., housework, gardening, maintenance of the house etc.)
  6. eNumber of hours of vigorous physical activity per week (e.g., sports, play games and hiking)
  7. fNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III equations
  8. gThe reference values from the Global Lung Initiative (GLI) with threshold point below lower limit of normal (-1.645)
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Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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