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Table 1 Comparison of characteristics within the 3 clusters

From: Clinical and cytokine patterns of uncontrolled asthma with and without comorbid chronic rhinosinusitis: a cross-sectional study

Parameters

Total [n, (%)]

Cluster 1 [46, (32.2)]

Cluster 2 [54, (37.8)]

Cluster 3 [43, (30.0)]

p value

Demographic characteristics

 Age (years)‡

55.0 (42.0, 64.0)

59.0 (48.5, 66.2)

54.5 (43.7, 65.0)

47.0 (39.0, 61.0)

0.033*

 Male, n (%)

50 (34.9)

13 (28.3)

13 (24.1)

24 (55.8)

0.003*

 Asthma onset age (years)†

39.8 (17.6)

41.6 (21.0)

40.3 (17.5)

37.2 (13.4)

0.338

 BMI (kg/m2)‡

24.7 (22.3, 27.1)

24.9 (23.2, 27.5)

24.5 (22.5, 26.1)

24.4 (21.0, 27.3)

0.484

Characteristics associated with comorbid CRS

 Comorbid CRS, n (%)

96 (67.1)

1 (2.2)

54 (100.0)

41 (95.3)

< 0.001*

 Comorbid NP, n (%)

24 (16.8)

0 (0.0)

4 (7.4)

20 (46.5)

< 0.001*

 Lund-Mackay score‡

7 (0, 14)

0 (0, 0)

8 (6, 12)

16 (10, 20)

< 0.001*

Severity of airflow obstruction and airway inflammation

 Blood gas analysis

 PaO2 (mmHg)†

76.9 (11.0)

78.8 (10.2)

80.0 (12.0)

71.0 (8.0)

< 0.001*

 PaCO2 (mmHg)‡

40.0 (37.0, 42.0)

40.0 (37.0, 42.0)

38.0 (35.0, 40.2)

41.0 (39.0, 44.0)

< 0.001*

Spirometry

 FEV1/FVC before bronchodilator (%)‡

72.4 (59.1, 83.7)

78.1 (64.5, 85.1)

82.6 (75.8, 86.4)

56.7 (50.5, 62.0)

< 0.001*

 FEV1/FVC after bronchodilator (%)‡

74.2 (63.0, 83.8)

74.5 (65.2, 85.9)

83.1 (78.6, 87.2)

60.9 (53.6, 65.1)

< 0.001*

 FEV1%pred before bronchodilator (%)‡

72.5 (23.7)

73.4 (20.6)

88.7 (16.5)

51.2 (17.2)

< 0.001*

 FEV1%pred after bronchodilator (%)†

78.6 (21.9)

78.6 (18.8)

92.6 (14.2)

60.9 (17.7)

< 0.001*

Chest CT

 Bronchiectasis, n (%)

27 (18.9)

6 (13.0)

9 (16.6)

12 (27.9)

0.175

 T/D ratio†

0.248 (0.187)

0.248 (0.019)

0.242 (0.017)

0.254 (0.017)

0.005*

 WA%†

0.736 (0.389)

0.737 (0.396)

0.726 (0.037)

0.750 (0.036)

0.009*

Characteristics associated with inflammation type

 Atopy, n (%)

66 (46.1)

14 (30.4)

22 (40.7)

30 (69.8)

0.001*

 Blood eosinophil percentage (%) ‡

4.8 (2.6, 9.5)

2.6 (1.8, 4.9)

4.4 (2.4, 8.9)

9.9 (5.0, 13.0)

< 0.001*

 Blood eosinophil count (× 109/L)‡

0.32 (0.15, 0.59)

0.16 (0.11, 0.29)

0.32 (0.14, 0.58)

0.61 (0.38, 0.90)

< 0.001*

 Serum T-IgE (kU/L)‡

137.0 (47.6, 312.0)

56.2 (22.5, 173.0)

142.0 (46.8, 329.0)

213.0 (133.0, 533.0)

< 0.001*

 Log(T-IgE)‡

2.07 (0.62)

1.80 (0.60)

2.06 (0.60)

2.37 (0.54)

< 0.001*

 Sputum eosinophil percentage (%)‡

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 2.5)

0.006*

 FeNO (ppb)‡

39.2 (20.0, 54.3)

33.0 (17.0, 39.8)

39.4 (13.0, 52.2)

54.5 (32.0, 84.0)

< 0.001*

Medication on enrollment

 No medication, n (%)

30 (20.9)

14 (30.4)

11 (20.4)

5 (11.6)

0.092

 ICS, n (%)

93 (65.0)

25 (54.3)

32 (59.3)

36 (83.7)

0.008*

 LABA, n (%)

78 (54.5)

19 (41.3)

26 (48.1)

33 (76.7)

0.002*

 LTRA, n (%)

42 (29.3)

13 (28.3)

18 (33.3)

11 (25.6)

0.693

 Theophylline, n (%)

38 (26.5)

13 (28.3)

13 (24.1)

12 (27.9)

0.87

 Antihistamines, n (%)

20 (14.0)

3 (6.5)

10 (18.5)

7 (16.3)

0.198

 LAMA, n (%)

0

0

0

0

–

Asthma severity§

    

< 0.001*

 Mild, n (%)

66 (49.6)

24 (57.1)

32 (66.7)

10 (23.3)

< 0.001*

 Moderate, n (%)

46 (34.6)

14 (33.3)

14 (29.2)

18 (41.9)

0.436

 Severe, n (%)

21 (15.8)

4 (9.5)

2 (4.2)

15 (34.9)

< 0.001*

  1. BMI, body mass index; CRS, chronic rhinosinusitis; NP, nasal polyps; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; T-IgE, total IgE; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; ppb, parts per billion; CT, computed tomography; T/D ratio, ratio of airway wall thickness to total diameter; WA%, percentage of airway wall area to total area; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta2-agonist; LTRA, Leukotriene receptor antagonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic anticholinergics. *statistical significance. †values are presented as means (SD). ‡values are presented as medians (25–75% interquartile range).§Totally 133 patients were assessed for asthma severity, including 42 patients in cluster 1, 48 in cluster 2, and 43 in cluster 3