Characteristic | Training set (nā=ā712) | p value | Validation set (nā=ā306) | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preinvasive lesions (nā=ā97) | Invasive lesions (nā=ā615) | Preinvasive lesions (nā=ā42) | Invasive lesions (nā=ā264) | |||
Gender | ||||||
Ā Male | 36 (37.1) | 209 (34.0) | 0.547 | 15 (35.7) | 98 (37.1) | 0.861 |
Ā Female | 61 (62.9) | 406 (66.0) | Ā | 27 (64.3) | 166 (62.9) | Ā |
Age (years, averageāĀ±āSD) | 53.5āĀ±ā8.5 | 54.9āĀ±ā9.5 | 0.064 | 52.1āĀ±ā10.9 | 55.1āĀ±ā9.5 | 0.082 |
Having respiratory symptoms | ||||||
Ā Yes | 3 (3.1) | 66 (10.7) | 0.015 | 2 (4.8) | 32 (12.1) | 0.159 |
Ā No | 94 (96.9) | 549 (89.3) | Ā | 40 (95.2) | 232 (87.9) | Ā |
BMI | 24.1āĀ±ā3.1 | 24.2āĀ±ā3.0 | 0.761 | 23.4āĀ±ā2.5 | 24.4āĀ±ā3.0 | 0.07 |
Smoking history | ||||||
Ā Yes | 10 (10.3) | 97 (15.8) | 0.162 | 5 (11.9) | 43 (16.3) | 0.648 |
Ā No | 87 (89.7) | 518 (84.2) | Ā | 37 (88.1) | 221 (83.7) | Ā |
Smoking index (pack-year) | 87.6āĀ±ā386.3 | 93.9āĀ±ā283.0 | 0.177 | 100.0āĀ±ā338.0 | 78.4āĀ±ā226.6 | 0.544 |
Former lung cancer history | ||||||
Ā Yes | 2 (2.1) | 14 (2.3) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 2 (0.8) | 1.000 |
Ā No | 95 (97.9) | 601 (97.7) | Ā | 42 (100) | 262 (99.2) | Ā |
Former malignancy history except lung cancer | ||||||
Ā Yes | 4 (4.1) | 33 (5.4) | 0.806 | 0 (0) | 11 (4.2) | 0.372 |
Ā No | 93 (95.9) | 582 (94.6) | Ā | 42 (100) | 253 (95.8) | Ā |
Former pulmonary benign disorders | ||||||
Ā Yes | 2 (2.1) | 31 (5.0) | 0.296 | 1 (2.4) | 7 (2.7) | 1.000 |
Ā No | 95 (97.9) | 584 (95.0) | Ā | 41 (97.6) | 257 (97.3) | Ā |
Family history of lung cancer | ||||||
Ā Yes | 10 (10.3) | 66 (10.7) | 0.900 | 2 (4.8) | 28 (10.6) | 0.399 |
Ā No | 87 (89.7) | 549 (89.3) | Ā | 40 (95.2) | 236 (89.4) | Ā |
Family history of malignancy except lung cancer | ||||||
Ā Yes | 17 (17.5) | 93 (15.1) | 0.543 | 7 (16.7) | 41 (15.5) | 0.851 |
Ā No | 80 (82.5) | 522 (84.9) | Ā | 35 (83.3) | 223 (84.5) | Ā |
Abnormal tumor biomarker resultsa | ||||||
Ā Yes | 6 (6.2) | 99 (16.1) | 0.011 | 5 (11.9) | 31 (11.7) | 0.976 |
Ā No | 91 (93.8) | 516 (83.9) | Ā | 37 (88.1) | 233 (88.3) | Ā |
Multiple nodules | ||||||
Ā Yes | 38 (39.2) | 309 (50.2) | 0.043 | 15 (35.7) | 130 (49.2) | 0.103 |
Ā No | 59 (60.8) | 306 (49.8) | Ā | 27 (64.3) | 134 (50.8) | Ā |
Nodule density | ||||||
Ā pGGO | 81 (83.5) | 374 (60.8) | <ā0.001 | 35 (83.3) | 163 (61.7) | 0.007 |
Ā mGGO | 16 (16.5) | 241 (39.2) | Ā | 7 (16.7) | 101 (38.3) | Ā |
Border | ||||||
Ā Unclear | 12 (12.4) | 174 (28.3) | 0.001 | 3 (7.1) | 63 (23.9) | 0.014 |
Ā Clear | 85 (87.6) | 441 (71.7) | Ā | 39 (92.9) | 201 (76.1) | Ā |
Lobulation sign | ||||||
Ā Yes | 10 (10.3) | 199 (32.4) | <ā0.001 | 3 (7.1) | 65 (24.6) | 0.009 |
Ā No | 87 (89.7) | 416 (67.6) | Ā | 39 (9.3) | 199 (75.4) | Ā |
Spiculation sign | ||||||
Ā Yes | 6 (6.2) | 104 (16.9) | 0.007 | 1 (2.4) | 35 (13.3) | 0.04 |
Ā No | 91 (93.8) | 511 (83.1) | Ā | 41 (97.6) | 229 (86.7) | Ā |
Pleural indentation sign | ||||||
Ā Yes | 6 (6.2) | 106 (17.2) | 0.005 | 1 (2.4) | 44 (16.7) | 0.01 |
Ā No | 91 (93.8) | 509 (82.8) | Ā | 41 (97.6) | 220 (83.3) | Ā |
Bubble sign | ||||||
Ā Yes | 8 (8.2) | 107 (17.4) | 0.023 | 4 (9.5) | 40 (15.2) | 0.478 |
Ā No | 89 (91.8) | 508 (82.6) | Ā | 38 (90.5) | 224 (84.8) | Ā |
Vessel change | ||||||
Ā Yes | 14 (14.4) | 125 (20.3) | 0.174 | 4 (9.5) | 64 (24.2) | 0.044 |
Ā No | 83 (85.6) | 490 (79.7) | Ā | 38 (90.5) | 200 (75.8) | Ā |
Maximum 2D diameter (mm, averageāĀ±āSD) | 9.2āĀ±ā3.2 | 12.6āĀ±ā5.2 | <ā0.001 | 8.9āĀ±ā3.4 | 12.7āĀ±ā5.1 | <ā0.001 |
Location | ||||||
Ā Left upper lobe | 20 (20.6) | 152 (24.7) | 0.277 | 12 (28.6) | 69 (26.1) | 0.670 |
Ā Left lower lobe | 21 (21.6) | 91 (14.8) | Ā | 7 (16.7) | 34 (12.9) | Ā |
Ā Right upper lobe | 39 (40.2) | 236 (38.4) | Ā | 16 (38.1) | 103 (39.0) | Ā |
Ā Right middle lobe | 2 (2.1) | 33 (5.4) | Ā | 3 (7.1) | 12 (4.5) | Ā |
Ā Right lower lobe | 15 (15.5) | 103 (16.7) | Ā | 4 (9.5) | 46 (17.4) | Ā |
Rad-score | 0.9āĀ±ā1.5 | 2.7āĀ±ā1.3 | <ā0.001 | 1.1āĀ±ā1.2 | 2.8āĀ±ā1.3 | <ā0.001 |