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Table 1 Demographic, clinical and semantic CT features of patients in the training and validation set

From: A computerized tomography-based radiomic model for assessing the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as ground-glass opacity nodules

Characteristic

Training set (nā€‰=ā€‰712)

p value

Validation set (nā€‰=ā€‰306)

p value

Preinvasive lesions (nā€‰=ā€‰97)

Invasive lesions (nā€‰=ā€‰615)

Preinvasive lesions (nā€‰=ā€‰42)

Invasive lesions (nā€‰=ā€‰264)

Gender

Ā Male

36 (37.1)

209 (34.0)

0.547

15 (35.7)

98 (37.1)

0.861

Ā Female

61 (62.9)

406 (66.0)

Ā 

27 (64.3)

166 (62.9)

Ā 

Age (years, averageā€‰Ā±ā€‰SD)

53.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.5

54.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.5

0.064

52.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰10.9

55.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.5

0.082

Having respiratory symptoms

Ā Yes

3 (3.1)

66 (10.7)

0.015

2 (4.8)

32 (12.1)

0.159

Ā No

94 (96.9)

549 (89.3)

Ā 

40 (95.2)

232 (87.9)

Ā 

BMI

24.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.1

24.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.0

0.761

23.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.5

24.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.0

0.07

Smoking history

Ā Yes

10 (10.3)

97 (15.8)

0.162

5 (11.9)

43 (16.3)

0.648

Ā No

87 (89.7)

518 (84.2)

Ā 

37 (88.1)

221 (83.7)

Ā 

Smoking index (pack-year)

87.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰386.3

93.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰283.0

0.177

100.0ā€‰Ā±ā€‰338.0

78.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰226.6

0.544

Former lung cancer history

Ā Yes

2 (2.1)

14 (2.3)

1.000

0 (0)

2 (0.8)

1.000

Ā No

95 (97.9)

601 (97.7)

Ā 

42 (100)

262 (99.2)

Ā 

Former malignancy history except lung cancer

Ā Yes

4 (4.1)

33 (5.4)

0.806

0 (0)

11 (4.2)

0.372

Ā No

93 (95.9)

582 (94.6)

Ā 

42 (100)

253 (95.8)

Ā 

Former pulmonary benign disorders

Ā Yes

2 (2.1)

31 (5.0)

0.296

1 (2.4)

7 (2.7)

1.000

Ā No

95 (97.9)

584 (95.0)

Ā 

41 (97.6)

257 (97.3)

Ā 

Family history of lung cancer

Ā Yes

10 (10.3)

66 (10.7)

0.900

2 (4.8)

28 (10.6)

0.399

Ā No

87 (89.7)

549 (89.3)

Ā 

40 (95.2)

236 (89.4)

Ā 

Family history of malignancy except lung cancer

Ā Yes

17 (17.5)

93 (15.1)

0.543

7 (16.7)

41 (15.5)

0.851

Ā No

80 (82.5)

522 (84.9)

Ā 

35 (83.3)

223 (84.5)

Ā 

Abnormal tumor biomarker resultsa

Ā Yes

6 (6.2)

99 (16.1)

0.011

5 (11.9)

31 (11.7)

0.976

Ā No

91 (93.8)

516 (83.9)

Ā 

37 (88.1)

233 (88.3)

Ā 

Multiple nodules

Ā Yes

38 (39.2)

309 (50.2)

0.043

15 (35.7)

130 (49.2)

0.103

Ā No

59 (60.8)

306 (49.8)

Ā 

27 (64.3)

134 (50.8)

Ā 

Nodule density

Ā pGGO

81 (83.5)

374 (60.8)

<ā€‰0.001

35 (83.3)

163 (61.7)

0.007

Ā mGGO

16 (16.5)

241 (39.2)

Ā 

7 (16.7)

101 (38.3)

Ā 

Border

Ā Unclear

12 (12.4)

174 (28.3)

0.001

3 (7.1)

63 (23.9)

0.014

Ā Clear

85 (87.6)

441 (71.7)

Ā 

39 (92.9)

201 (76.1)

Ā 

Lobulation sign

Ā Yes

10 (10.3)

199 (32.4)

<ā€‰0.001

3 (7.1)

65 (24.6)

0.009

Ā No

87 (89.7)

416 (67.6)

Ā 

39 (9.3)

199 (75.4)

Ā 

Spiculation sign

Ā Yes

6 (6.2)

104 (16.9)

0.007

1 (2.4)

35 (13.3)

0.04

Ā No

91 (93.8)

511 (83.1)

Ā 

41 (97.6)

229 (86.7)

Ā 

Pleural indentation sign

Ā Yes

6 (6.2)

106 (17.2)

0.005

1 (2.4)

44 (16.7)

0.01

Ā No

91 (93.8)

509 (82.8)

Ā 

41 (97.6)

220 (83.3)

Ā 

Bubble sign

Ā Yes

8 (8.2)

107 (17.4)

0.023

4 (9.5)

40 (15.2)

0.478

Ā No

89 (91.8)

508 (82.6)

Ā 

38 (90.5)

224 (84.8)

Ā 

Vessel change

Ā Yes

14 (14.4)

125 (20.3)

0.174

4 (9.5)

64 (24.2)

0.044

Ā No

83 (85.6)

490 (79.7)

Ā 

38 (90.5)

200 (75.8)

Ā 

Maximum 2D diameter (mm, averageā€‰Ā±ā€‰SD)

9.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.2

12.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.2

<ā€‰0.001

8.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.4

12.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.1

<ā€‰0.001

Location

Ā Left upper lobe

20 (20.6)

152 (24.7)

0.277

12 (28.6)

69 (26.1)

0.670

Ā Left lower lobe

21 (21.6)

91 (14.8)

Ā 

7 (16.7)

34 (12.9)

Ā 

Ā Right upper lobe

39 (40.2)

236 (38.4)

Ā 

16 (38.1)

103 (39.0)

Ā 

Ā Right middle lobe

2 (2.1)

33 (5.4)

Ā 

3 (7.1)

12 (4.5)

Ā 

Ā Right lower lobe

15 (15.5)

103 (16.7)

Ā 

4 (9.5)

46 (17.4)

Ā 

Rad-score

0.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.5

2.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.3

<ā€‰0.001

1.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.2

2.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.3

<ā€‰0.001

  1. BMI, body mass index; pGGO, pure ground-glass opacity nodule; mGGO, mixed ground-glass opacity nodule
  2. aAn abnormal tumor biomarker result is defined as a higher blood concentration above the normal range of any of the following: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA-125 or CYFRA21-1