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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in each study group

From: Rapidly improving acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19: a multi-centre observational study

 

All

(n = 280)

Rapidly improving ARDS group (n = 11)

Intermediate group (n = 235)

Persistent severe ARDS

group (n = 34)

p value

Age, years

70.0 (61.0–76.0)

73.0 (46.0–78.0)

69.5 (61.0–76.0)

76.0 (58.5–80.0)

0.433

Female sex

88 (31.5)

5 (45.5)

72 (30.8)

11 (32.4)

0.588

Race

    

0.362

 Caucasian

275 (98.6)

11 (100.0)

231 (98.7)

33 (97.1)

 

 Asian/Middle Eastern

2 (0.7)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

 

 African

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.9)

 

 Other

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

 

Comorbidity

220 (78.6)

9 (81.8)

179 (76.2)

32 (94.1)

0.056

 Chronic kidney disease

23 (8.2)

1 (9.1)

17 (7.2)

5 (14.7)

0.239

 Chronic lung disease

40 (14.3)

1 (9.1)

35 (14.9)

4 (11.8)

0.931

 Heart condition

76 (27.1)

4 (36.4)

59 (25.1)

13 (38.2)

0.214

 Hypertension

171 (61.1)

5 (45.5)

140 (59.6)

26 (76.5)

0.093

 Liver disease

3 (1.1)

1 (9.1)

1 (0.4)

1 (2.9)

0.032

 Diabetes mellitus

71 (25.4)

3 (27.3)

57 (24.3)

11 (32.4)

0.591

Malignancy

25 (8.9)

2 (18.2)

20 (8.5)

3 (8.8)

0.454

SOFA score on the day of intubation

4.0 (4.0–5.0)

4.0 (2.0–4.0)

4.0 (4.0–5.0)

4.5 (4.0–6.0)

0.008a,b

 Respiratory

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

3.0 (2.0–3.0)

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

 < 0.001a,b

 Coagulation

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.868

 Hepatic

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.092

 Cardiovascular

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.155

 Neurologic

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.396

 Renal

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

0.015c

Days from symptom onset to intubation

10.0 (6.0–13.0)

8.0 (4.0–10.0)

10.0 (6.0–13.0)

10.0 (4.5–15.0)

0.514

Usage of non-rebreather mask

116 (42.5)

6 (54.5)

98 (43.0)

12 (35.3)

0.497

Duration of non-rebreather mask, days

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

1.5 (1.0–2.3)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.5 (1.3–5.0)

0.121

Usage of high-flow nasal oxygen

154 (57.2)

6 (60.0)

130 (57.5)

18 (54.5)

0.934

Duration of high-flow nasal oxygen, days

2.0 (1.0–5.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–5.0)

3.0 (1.8–4.0)

0.317

Usage of non-invasive mechanical ventilation

6 (2.5)

0 (0.0)

6 (3.0)

0 (0.0)

0.681

Severity of ARDS on the day of intubation

    

 < 0.001

 Mild

33 (11.8)

6 (54.5)

26 (11.1)

1 (3.0)

 

 Moderate

150 (53.8)

4 (36.4)

132 (56.2)

14 (42.4)

 

 Severe

96 (34.4)

1 (9.1)

77 (32.8)

18 (54.5)

 

Management of ARDS after the intubation

 Steroids

209 (76.6)

10 (90.9)

178 (76.7)

21 (70.0)

0.371

 Prone positioning

138 (50.4)

3 (33.3)

113 (48.9)

22 (64.7)

0.127

 Neuromuscular blockade

280 (100.0)

11 (100.0)

235 (100.0)

34 (100.0)

–

 Inhaled nitric oxide

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

–

 ECMO

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (5.9)

–

  1. Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or number of patients (%)
  2. Heart condition included congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and cardiomyopathies
  3. Patients, who were intubated outside the intensive care unit, were admitted in the intensive care unit the same day
  4. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation was delivered via face mask
  5. Severity of ARDS was classified according to the Berlin definition
  6. Administration of steroids was initiated prior to intubation
  7. n number, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  8. aDenotes statistical significance for the comparison between “rapidly improving ARDS” and “intermediate” groups
  9. bDenotes statistical significance for the comparison between “rapidly improving ARDS” and “persistent severe ARDS” groups
  10. cDenotes statistical significance for the comparison between “intermediate” and “persistent severe ARDS” groups
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Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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