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Table 5 Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of factors associated with all-cause readmission or death within 30 days

From: Clinical and economic burden of comorbid coronary artery disease in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: sex differences in a nationwide cohort study

Variables

Crude HR (95% CI)

P-value

Adjusted HR (95% CI)a

P-value

CAD

0.91 (0.50–1.64)

0.744

–

–

Sex and status of CAD

 Men without CAD

1.00 (reference)

–

–

–

 Men with CAD

0.92 (0.48–1.75)

0.793

–

–

 Women without CAD

0.59 (0.29–1.19)

0.142

–

–

 Women with CAD

0.54 (0.13–2.23)

0.398

–

–

 Age (years)

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

0.381

–

–

 Men

1.69 (0.90–3.20)

0.105

–

0.337

 Body-mass index (kg/m2)

0.95 (0.89–1.01)

0.081

–

0.385

 Smokerb

1.00 (0.62–1.60)

0.999

–

–

 Hospital admissions ≥ 2 in the previous year

2.32 (1.49–3.60)

< 0.001

1.94 (1.24–3.04)

0.004

 mMRC ≥ 2

1.65 (0.83–3.30)

0.155

–

–

 CAT ≥ 10

1.23 (0.54–2.83)

0.623

–

–

 Post-bronchodilator FEV1% predicted

0.97 (0.96–0.99)

< 0.001

0.98 (0.96–0.99)

0.001

Comorbidity

 Respiratory diseases

1.24 (0.80–1.93)

0.334

–

–

 Cardiovascular diseasesc

1.39 (0.90–2.14)

0.142

–

–

 Digestive diseases

1.35 (0.65–2.81)

0.416

–

–

 Cerebrovascular disease

1.53 (0.77–3.07)

0.226

–

–

 Endocrine and metabolic diseases

1.30 (0.70–2.39)

0.406

–

–

 Other malignant tumors

1.50 (0.37–6.10)

0.572

–

–

Laboratory data during hospitalization

 PaO2 (mmHg)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.540

–

–

 PaCO2 (mmHg)

1.02 (1.00–1.03)

0.110

–

–

 NLR

1.01 (1.00–1.01)

 < 0.001

1.01 (1.00–1.01)

 < 0.001

 Eosinophils (%)

0.95 (0.87–1.03)

0.210

–

–

 NT-proBNP (pg/ml)

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

0.936

–

–

 CRP (mg/L)

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

0.270

–

–

 PCT (ng/ml)

0.84 (0.47–1.51)

0.563

–

–

Treatment during hospitalization

 SABD

0.89 (0.54–1.46)

0.641

–

–

 LAMA

0.90 (0.41–1.94)

0.780

–

–

 LABA

0.71 (0.33–1.53)

0.378

–

–

 ICS

0.61 (0.28–1.32)

0.212

–

–

 Nebulized corticosteroids

1.20 (0.76–1.92)

0.434

–

–

 Systemic corticosteroids

2.33 (1.50–3.60)

< 0.001

2.01 (1.30–3.13)

0.002

 Antibiotics

1.61 (0.74–3.48)

0.232

–

–

  1. HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, CAD coronary artery disease, mMRC modified Medical Research Council, CAT COPD Assessment Test, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen, PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, NLR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, CRP C-reactive protein, PCT procalcitonin, SABD short-acting bronchodilator, LAMA long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist, LABA long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist, ICS inhaled corticosteroids
  2. aThe multivariable model was adjusted for sex, BMI, hospital admissions in the previous year, post-bronchodilator FEV1% predicted, NLR, and systemic corticosteroids during hospitalization
  3. bSmoker refers to the subject who has a history of smoking
  4. cCAD as a separate variable is not included in the cardiovascular diseases