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Table 3 Meta-analysis of the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios by sex and low- and high-income countries for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension in subjects with restricted spirometry

From: Restricted spirometry and cardiometabolic comorbidities: results from the international population based BOLD study

 

Low-income countries

High-income countries

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

OR

95% CI

I2% and p-value for between site heterogeneity

OR

95% CI

I2% and p-value for between site heterogeneity

OR

95% CI

I2% and p-value for between site heterogeneity

OR

95% CI

I2% and p-value for between site heterogeneity

Cardio vascular disease

 Male

1.21

0.79–1.85

63.2%;

1.49

0.89–2.49

78.4%;

p = 0.000

2.11

1.71–2.59

0%;

p = 0.913

2.09

1.64–2.66

0%;

p = 0.684

p = 0.005

 Female

1.29

1.05–1.57

0%;

p = 0.477

1.27

1.02–1.58

0%;

p = 0.464

1.80

1.26–2.55

49.3%;

p = 0.019

1.76

1.15–2.68

54.3%;

p = 0.008

 Overall

1.29

1.05–1.59

38.3%;

p = 0.39

1.40

1.09–1.79

58.6%;

p = 0.000

2.00

1.68–2.38

17.4%;

p = 0.207

1.93

1.55–2.42

30.6%;

p = 0.065

Diabetes

 Male

1.76

1.42–2.18

0%;

p = 0.614

2.04

1.61–2.58

0%;

p = 0.6014

1.99

1.57–2.54

0%;

p = 0.563

1.84

1.41–2.40

0%;

p = 0.562

 Female

1.75

1.42–2.16

35%;

p = 0.128

1.69

1.41–2.04

0%;

p = 0.512

2.39

1.51–3.76

53.3%;

p = 0.029

1.96

1.20–3.18

49.2%;

p = 0.046

 Overall

1.79

1.55–2.06

12%;

p = 0.311

1.82

1.57–2.10

0%;

p = 0.581

2.22

1.77–2.77

26.1%:

p = 0.134

1.92

1.51–2.43

21.3%;

p = 0.186

Hypertension

 Male

1.36

1.18–1.57

3.5%;

p = 0.413

1.58

1.35–1.85

0%;

p = 0.770

1.63

1.29–2.06

44.2%;

p = 0.038

1.50

1.17–1.94

39%;

p = 0.067

 Female

1.52

1.32–1.75

26.8%;

p = 0.143

1.51

1.32–1.72

4.5%;

p = 0.401

1.78

1.47–2.16

0%;

p = 0.462

1.50

1.15–1.95

27.1%;

p = 0.164

 Overall

1.45

1.31–1.61

17.1%;

p = 0.187

1.53

1.39–1.70

0%;

p = 0.683

1.70

1.46–1.8

26%;

p = 0.105

1.50

1.25–1.80

31%;

p = 0.061

  1. I2 values of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% were respectively considered as no, low, moderate, and high heterogeneity
  2. The following sites could not be included in the analysis due to a low number of participants reporting comorbidity or with singularity in the data: Blantyre (Malawi) for CVD, Cotonu (Benin) for diabetes, Guangzhou (China) for diabetes, Ife (Nigeria) for CVD, diabetes and hypertension, Mumbai (India) for CVD, Nampicuan Talugtug (Philippines) for diabetes, Naryn (Kyrgyztan) for diabetes, Penang (Malaysia) for CVD, Pune (India) for CVD and diabetes, Srinagar (India) for CVD and diabetes
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Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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