Fig. 1
TGF-β1 dose-dependently increases mRNA expression of genes involved in metabolic reprogramming. Fold change was calculated utilizing the ΔΔCt method normalized to GAPDH for LDHA (a), HKII (b) and HIF-1α (c). There was a significant induction in HKII and HIF-1α only at the highest concentration of TGF-β used (10 ng/ml). Each sample is normalized to the untreated control for that same time-point (*p value ˂ 0.05; ****p ˂ 0.0001). Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM, n = 6 independent experiments. d There was an increase in protein levels of HIF-1α in response to hypoxia and CoCl2 for 6 h. Representative western blot is shown