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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study cohorts

From: Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Characteristics

Healthy (n = 73)

COPD I–II (n = 67)

COPD III–IV (n = 32)

p value

Age, years

59.7 ± 9.4

62.7 ± 6.7

61.5 ± 6.6

NS

BMI, kg/m2

24.6 ± 2.9

22.7 ± 3.6

20.8 ± 2.7

< 0.01abc

Smoking index (pack-yr)

18.3 ± 23.4

40.8 ± 28.8

42.8 ± 30.2

< 0.01ab

Smoking status, n (%)

   

< 0.001ab

 Never smoker

38 (52.05%)

0

0

–

 Current smoker

20 (27.40%)

48 (71.64%)

17 (53.10%)

< 0.001

 Ex-smoker

15 (20.55%)

19 (28.36%)

15 (46.90%)

< 0.001

Occupation, n (%)

 Manual work in industry

14 (19.18%)

12 (17.91%)

3 (9.38%)

0.809

 Manual work in service

10 (13.70%)

11 (16.42%)

3 (9.38%)

 Farmer

40 (54.79%)

33 (49.25%)

20 (62.50%)

 Professionals

4 (5.48%)

7 (10.45%)

4 (12.50%)

 Others

5 (6.85%)

4 (5.97%)

2 (6.24%)

CAT score

–

8 (3,11)

18 (14,24)

< 0.001c

MMRC score

–

1 (0,1)

3 (2,3)

< 0.001c

FEV1 (L)

2.80 ± 0.56

2.07 ± 0.52

0.96 ± 0.34

< 0.001abc

FEV1%

95.07 ± 14.53

73.88 ± 16.72

34.35 ± 9.91

< 0.001abc

FVC (L)

3.66 ± 0.68

3.44 ± 0.65

2.31 ± 0.53

< 0.001bc

FVC%

99.73 ± 13.90

97.13 ± 15.44

66.53 ± 12.63

< 0.001bc

FEV1/FVC%

76.22 ± 6.32

60.09 ± 8.64

42.82 ± 10.95

< 0.001abc

  1. Current smokers were defined as those who smoked more than five cigarettes per day during the past month; ex-smokers were defined as those who had smoked more than five cigarettes previously and had stopped for > 1 month; nonsmokers were defined as those who had never smoked or patients who smoked no more than five cigarettes per day at the time of the or previously. Data are shown as means ± SD or median (interquartile range). Differences in continuous variables were evaluated using ANOVA, and p values were corrected using the Bonferroni method
  2. FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC forced vital capacity, BMI body mass index, NS no significant difference, CAT COPD assessment test, MMRC modified Medical Research Council
  3. ap < 0.05 for equality between the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) I–II group and healthy subjects
  4. bp < 0.05 for equality between the COPD III–IV group and healthy subjects
  5. cp < 0.05 for equality between the COPD III–IV and COPD I–II groups.