Fig. 9

After 20 weeks of exposure, intestinal microbiota from patients with COPD accelerates emphysematous changes in recipient mice. a Lung sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin showing that mouse recipients of fecal microbiota from COPD patients developed significant airspace enlargement after 20 weeks of exposure to smoke from biomass fuel. b After 20 weeks of smoke exposure, the small airway wall was significantly thicker in the mice that received fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from III to IV subjects than in mice that received FMT from healthy controls. Scale bar: 100 or 200 μm. Significance was determined by ANOVA and p values were corrected using the Bonferroni method. Results are expressed as means ± SD, n = 5 mice. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01