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Fig. 4 | Respiratory Research

Fig. 4

From: Long-acting antimuscarinic therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving beta-blockers

Fig. 4

Change from baseline in morning pre-dose (trough) FEV1 in beta-blocker users and non-users. Baseline was the average of two pre-dose values prior to administration of first dose, or one value if only one was available, or pre-dose bronchodilator value at screening if both were missing. Change in baseline FEV1 (LS mean ± standard error) analysis was based on a mixed model for repeated measures with pre- and post-bronchodilator values at screening, baseline FEV1 as covariates, and treatment group, smoking status, baseline ICS use, baseline beta-blocker use and visits as fixed effects. On-treatment analysis during the first year included patients who completed 1 year or were on-treatment when the study dropped off. FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, ICS inhaled corticosteroids, LS least squares

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