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Fig. 6 | Respiratory Research

Fig. 6

From: Duration and determinants of delayed tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in high-burden countries: a mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis

Fig. 6

Association between TB knowledge, smoking, alcohol use and patient delay. Countries were grouped by WHO region (AFR African region, AMR Region of the Americas, SEAR South-East Asian region, WPR Western Pacific region) and categorized as (i) LIC/LMIC (low- or lower-middle-income countries), or (ii) UMIC (upper-middle-income countries) as designated by the World Bank in 2019. For TB knowledge, the top left panel pooled estimates from studies that defined patient delay threshold as 28 days. The bottom left panel pooled estimates from studies that defined patient delay threshold as 21 days. The reference group was TB knowledge (no or low). The top right panel represented pooled estimates for the association between alcohol use and patient delay. The bottom right panel represented pooled estimates for the association between smoking and patient delay. Both plots pooled estimates that defined patient delay threshold as 28 days. The reference groups were no smoking and no alcohol use, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) were pooled (in blue) by countries’ economic status using Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. Odds ratios are presented in the log scale

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