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Table 3 Interactions of air pollutants, and LUR-related variables on the PRs of COPD in propensity-scoring matched population

From: The effects of traffic-related air pollutants on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the community-based general population

LUR-related variables

PM2.5 (μg/m3)

OR (95% CI)a

p Interaction

NDVI

  

0.28

  < 0.45

 < 35

Reference

 

   ≥ 0.45

 < 35

0.99 (0.75–1.30)

 

  < 0.45

 ≥ 35

1.32 (0.81–2.15)

 

  ≥ 0.45

 ≥ 35

1.79 (1.39–2.29) **

 
  

p Trend < 0.0001

 

Area of industrial land (m2/ grid)

  

 < 0.01

  < 18.2

 < 35

Reference

 

  ≥ 18.2

 < 35

0.90 (0.69–1.18)

 

  < 18.2

 ≥ 35

1.18 (0.85–1.63)

 

  ≥ 18.2

 ≥ 35

2.18 (1.61–2.94) **

 
  

p Trend < 0.0002

 

Road area (m2)

  

 < 0.01

  < 20.5

 < 35

Reference

 

  ≥ 20.5

 < 35

0.78 (0.60–1.02)

 

  < 20.5

 ≥ 35

1.09 (0.79–1.50)

 

  ≥ 20.5

 ≥ 35

2.05 (1.53–2.76) **

 
  

p Trend < 0.0001

 

Number of temples (*106 per m2)

  

0.34

  < 0

 < 35

Reference

 

  ≥ 1

 < 35

0.92 (0.67–1.27)

 

  < 0

 ≥ 35

1.96 (1.48–2.60) **

 

  ≥ 1

 ≥ 35

1.44 (1.08–1.93) *

 
  

p Trend = 0.0001

 
  1. SD, standard deviation; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. aMultiple logistic regressions included confounding factors of cigarette smoking and betel consumption
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01