Table 1 Members of SPMs family and their roles in inflammation resolution

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)

Lipoxin A4

FPR2/ALX

Regulate leukocytes, PMNs, eosinophils, and monocytes

[177]

Promote but inhibit apoptosis process

[178]

Increase IL-10 production, and inhibit IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 expression

[39, 179]

Inhibit the activation of the NF-kB pathway

[179]

Regulate tight-junction formation in airway epithelial cells

[180]

Lipoxin B4

GPCRs

Accelerate the regulation of allergic lung inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness

[181]

Inhibit the recruitment and transmigration of PMNs

[48, 182]

Aspirin-triggered LX (ATL)

ALX/FPR

Inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis across the endothelium and epithelium

[37, 183]

Enhance clearance and accelerate resolution of pulmonary edema

[2, 184]

Reduce Cox2 traffic in pain responses

[2]

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)

EPA

RvE1

ERV1/ChemR23; BLT4 [185]

Mediate cell-migration and activation of the monocyte–macrophage system

[81, 185]

Limit neutrophil infiltration, and promote macrophage phagocytosis

[186]

Enhance phagocytosis and production of anti-inflammatory cytokines

[60, 61]

RvE2

BLT1

Increase macrophage phagocytosis and efferocytosis

[45, 187]

Regulate morphological changes as well as the chemotaxis and migration of PMNs

[45]

DHA

RvD1

DRV1/GPR32

Prevent T-cell differentiation towards Th1 and Th17 lineages

[188]

Promote inflammation and enhance macrophage clearance

[45, 189]

RvD2

DRV2/GPR18

Modulate expression of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes–macrophages

[48]

Stimulate phagocytosis and apoptosis

[190]

PD1

GPCRs

Inhibit neutrophil aggregation

[50, 51]

Regulate the secretion of chemokines and cytokines

[50, 51]

Transformation of mononuclear cells, macrophages, neutrophils and platelets

[182]

Maresin

GPCRs

Inhibiting neutrophil migration

[13, 52, 53]

Enhance recruitment of monocytes and macrophages and efferocytosis

[13]

Inhibit IL-13 production and induce formation of regulatory T cells

[46]

Induce polarization of M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages

[52]