Fig. 4

Risk of a first COPD exacerbation (a) and other secondary outcomes (b). Data are shown for the hdPS-matched cohort (primary analysis) during the prespecified study period (1 April 2015 to 31 March 2019). Risk was assessed on the time-to-event outcome. CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, hdPS high-dimensional propensity score, HR hazard ratio, MACE major adverse cardiovascular event, Tio tiotropium, Tio/Olo tiotropium/olodaterol